<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[jinuahn]]></title><description><![CDATA[Blockchain Platform Engineer @ B-Harvest | Go / Cosmos SDK / Kubernetes]]></description><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HTjN!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd832b1f4-ec47-40ba-b3ce-b34bce67ebb0_736x736.png</url><title>jinuahn</title><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 20:46:13 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://blog.jinuahn05.me/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Jinu]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[jinuahn05@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[jinuahn05@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Jinu]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Jinu]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[jinuahn05@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[jinuahn05@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Jinu]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[PoC는 됐다. 오라클이 없으면 그 다음은 없다]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#46020;&#51077;&#51012; &#44160;&#53664;&#54616;&#45716; &#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288;&#51060; &#48152;&#48373;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#47688;&#52628;&#45716; &#51648;&#51216;&#51060; &#51080;&#45796;. &#44592;&#49696; &#47928;&#51228;&#44032; &#50500;&#45768;&#45796;.]]></description><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/poc</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/poc</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jinu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2026 04:00:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UGYt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UGYt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UGYt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UGYt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UGYt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UGYt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UGYt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:954947,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://blog.jinuahn05.me/i/196616678?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UGYt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UGYt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UGYt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UGYt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25e2687-0da8-46e5-a780-59762b68ad77_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>2026&#45380; 1&#50900;, <a href="https://www.fsc.go.kr/no010101/86064?srchCtgry=&amp;curPage=&amp;srchKey=&amp;srchText=&amp;srchBeg%E2%80%A6">&#51204;&#51088;&#51613;&#44428;&#48277;&#44284; &#51088;&#48376;&#49884;&#51109;&#48277; &#44060;&#51221;&#50504;&#51060; &#44397;&#54924;&#47484; &#53685;&#44284;</a>&#54664;&#45796;. &#53664;&#53360;&#51613;&#44428;&#51060; &#48277;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#50976;&#54952;&#54620; &#51613;&#44428;&#51004;&#47196; &#51064;&#51221;&#48155;&#45716; &#44396;&#51312;&#44032; 2027&#45380; &#52488;&#48512;&#53552; &#49373;&#44596;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>&#51648;&#44552;&#51008; 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&#45813;&#51008; &#50612;&#46500; &#44163;&#46020; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#50948;&#50640; &#50630;&#45796;. &#51204;&#48512; &#44592;&#44288;&#51060; &#49688;&#49901; &#45380;&#51704; &#50868;&#50689;&#54644;&#50728; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596; &#50504;&#50640; &#51080;&#45796;.</p><p>&#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#45348;&#53944;&#50892;&#53356;&#45716; &#44208;&#51221;&#47200;&#51201; &#54224;&#49604; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#51060;&#45796;. &#47784;&#46304; &#45432;&#46300;&#44032; &#46041;&#51068;&#54620; &#53076;&#46300;&#47484; &#46041;&#51068;&#54620; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#50640; &#49892;&#54665;&#54644;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;. &#50808;&#48512; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#47484; &#51088;&#52404;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#44032;&#51256;&#50732; &#49688; &#50630;&#45796;. &#49828;&#47560;&#53944; &#52968;&#53944;&#47001;&#53944;&#44032; &#50500;&#47924;&#47532; &#51221;&#44368;&#54616;&#44172; &#49444;&#44228;&#46104;&#50612; &#51080;&#50612;&#46020;, 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&#44163;&#51060; &#48736;&#47476;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>&#54861;&#53097;&#51060; &#47676;&#51200; &#44202;&#51008; &#44163;</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SFZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda48f243-4e0e-4a36-b2b8-64c75d69c280_250x167.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SFZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda48f243-4e0e-4a36-b2b8-64c75d69c280_250x167.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SFZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda48f243-4e0e-4a36-b2b8-64c75d69c280_250x167.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SFZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda48f243-4e0e-4a36-b2b8-64c75d69c280_250x167.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SFZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda48f243-4e0e-4a36-b2b8-64c75d69c280_250x167.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SFZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda48f243-4e0e-4a36-b2b8-64c75d69c280_250x167.png" width="250" height="167" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/da48f243-4e0e-4a36-b2b8-64c75d69c280_250x167.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:167,&quot;width&quot;:250,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&#54861;&#53097;&#51032; &#44592; - &#50948;&#53412;&#48177;&#44284;, &#50864;&#47532; &#47784;&#46160;&#51032; &#48177;&#44284;&#49324;&#51204;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="&#54861;&#53097;&#51032; &#44592; - &#50948;&#53412;&#48177;&#44284;, &#50864;&#47532; &#47784;&#46160;&#51032; &#48177;&#44284;&#49324;&#51204;" title="&#54861;&#53097;&#51032; &#44592; - &#50948;&#53412;&#48177;&#44284;, &#50864;&#47532; &#47784;&#46160;&#51032; &#48177;&#44284;&#49324;&#51204;" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SFZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda48f243-4e0e-4a36-b2b8-64c75d69c280_250x167.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SFZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda48f243-4e0e-4a36-b2b8-64c75d69c280_250x167.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SFZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda48f243-4e0e-4a36-b2b8-64c75d69c280_250x167.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SFZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda48f243-4e0e-4a36-b2b8-64c75d69c280_250x167.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#54861;&#53097;&#51008; &#51221;&#48512; &#53664;&#53360;&#54868; &#52292;&#44428;&#51012; &#49892;&#51228; &#48156;&#54665;&#44620;&#51648; &#45132;&#44256; &#44036; &#45824;&#54364;&#51201; &#49440;&#54665; &#49324;&#47168;&#45796;. 2023&#45380; 2&#50900;, &#54861;&#53097; &#51221;&#48512;&#45716; &#49464;&#44228; &#52572;&#52488;&#51032; &#51221;&#48512; &#53664;&#53360;&#54868; &#45433;&#49353;&#52292;&#44428;&#51012; &#48156;&#54665;&#54664;&#44256;, Project Evergreen&#50640;&#49436; &#48156;&#54665;&#51068; T+1 &#51221;&#49328; &#44396;&#51312;&#47484; &#44396;&#54788;&#54664;&#45796;.</p><p>&#44536; &#51649;&#54980; HKMA&#44032; &#45240; &#48372;&#44256;&#49436;(<a href="https://www.hkma.gov.hk/media/eng/doc/key-information/press-release/2023/20230824e3a1.pdf">Bond Tokenisation in Hong Kong - HKMA 2023.08</a>) &#50640; &#51060;&#47088; &#47928;&#51109;&#51060; &#51080;&#45796;.</p><blockquote><p>"currently there is no connectivity between existing custody systems and the digital platform. Reconciliations between the digital platform and custody system records are done manually."</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;&#54788;&#51116; &#44592;&#51316; &#52964;&#49828;&#53552;&#46356; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#44284; &#46356;&#51648;&#53560; &#54540;&#47019;&#54268; &#49324;&#51060;&#50640; &#50672;&#44208;&#51060; &#50630;&#45796;. &#46160; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596; &#44036;&#51032; &#45824;&#49324;(reconciliation)&#45716; &#49688;&#46041;&#51004;&#47196; &#51060;&#47336;&#50612;&#51648;&#44256; &#51080;&#45796;.&#8221;</p></blockquote></blockquote><p></p><p>&#49464;&#44228; &#52572;&#52488; &#54532;&#47196;&#45909;&#49496; &#48176;&#54252;. &#49688;&#46041; &#45824;&#49324;.</p><p>&#50728;&#52404;&#51064; &#51221;&#49328; &#44592;&#47197;&#51008; &#45224;&#50520;&#51648;&#47564;, &#44536; &#44592;&#47197;&#51012; &#44592;&#51316; &#52964;&#49828;&#53552;&#46356; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#44284; &#47582;&#52628;&#45716; &#51089;&#50629;&#51008; &#45812;&#45817;&#51088;&#44032; &#47588;&#51068; &#49688;&#51089;&#50629;&#51004;&#47196; &#54664;&#45796;&#45716; &#46907;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p>2025&#45380;, HKMA&#44032; 113&#44060; &#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288;&#51012; &#45824;&#49345;&#51004;&#47196; DLT &#46020;&#51077; &#51109;&#48317;&#51012; &#51312;&#49324;&#54664;&#44256;, &#51060; &#44208;&#44284; 65%&#44032; &#8220;&#44592;&#51316; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#44284;&#51032; &#53685;&#54633;&#8221;&#51012; &#44032;&#51109; &#53360; &#44284;&#51228;&#47196; &#44861;&#50520;&#45796;. &#48372;&#50504;(62%)&#48372;&#45796; &#45458;&#44256;, &#44508;&#51228; &#48520;&#54869;&#49892;&#49457;(53%)&#48372;&#45796; &#45458;&#45796;.</p><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.hkma.gov.hk/media/eng/doc/key-functions/banking-stability/DLT_Research_Paper.pdf">HKMA, Distributed Ledger Technology in the Financial Sector: A Study on the Opportunities and Challenges (2025)</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>Oracle &#50672;&#46041; &#44277;&#49885; &#50616;&#44553; (p4):</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;enhanced connectivity between on-chain and off-chain interactions via oracles, which play an important role in connecting digital and traditional ecosystems&#8221;</p><p>(HKMA, Distributed Ledger Technology in the Financial Sector, p.4)</p></blockquote><p></p><p>&#54861;&#53097;&#51008; &#44508;&#51228;&#44032; &#47676;&#51200; &#51221;&#48708;&#46108; &#44275;&#51060;&#45796;. &#44508;&#51228;&#44032; &#51221;&#48708;&#46108; &#51060;&#54980;&#50640;&#46020; &#44592;&#51316; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596; &#53685;&#54633;&#51060; &#52572;&#45824; &#51109;&#48317;&#51004;&#47196; &#45224;&#50520;&#45796;&#45716; &#44163;&#51060; &#51060; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#51032; &#51032;&#48120;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>&#54620;&#44397;&#50640;&#49436; &#50724;&#46972;&#53364;&#51060; &#50630;&#51004;&#47732; &#47561;&#55176;&#45716; &#49464; &#51648;&#51216;</h2><p>2027&#45380; &#51204;&#51088;&#51613;&#44428;&#48277; &#49884;&#54665; &#51060;&#54980; &#53664;&#53360;&#51613;&#44428; &#51064;&#54532;&#46972;&#47484; &#49892;&#51228;&#47196; &#50868;&#50689;&#54616;&#47140;&#47732;, &#50724;&#46972;&#53364; &#50630;&#51060;&#45716; &#53685;&#44284;&#54624; &#49688; &#50630;&#45716; &#51648;&#51216;&#51060; &#49464; &#44275; &#51080;&#45796;.</p><p>&#52395;&#51704;, &#53804;&#51088;&#51088; &#51201;&#44201;&#49457; &#51665;&#54665;&#51060;&#45796;. &#51613;&#44428;&#54805; &#53664;&#53360;&#51060; &#51060;&#52404;&#46112; &#46412;, &#49688;&#49888; &#51452;&#49548;&#44032; &#54596;&#50836;&#54620; &#51088;&#44201; &#50836;&#44148;&#51012; &#44054;&#52676;&#45716;&#51648; &#54869;&#51064;&#51060; &#54596;&#50836;&#54616;&#45796;. &#51060; &#44160;&#51613;&#51008; &#44592;&#44288;&#51032; KYC &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#50640;&#49436; &#51068;&#50612;&#45212;&#45796;. &#52404;&#51064; &#47112;&#48296;&#51032; &#51060;&#52404; &#51228;&#54620;&#51012; &#49892;&#51228;&#47196; &#51665;&#54665;&#54616;&#47140;&#47732;, &#44536; &#44208;&#44284;&#44032; &#51060;&#52404;&#44032; &#49892;&#54665;&#46104;&#45716; &#49692;&#44036; &#49828;&#47560;&#53944; &#52968;&#53944;&#47001;&#53944; &#50504;&#50640; &#51080;&#50612;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;. &#50724;&#46972;&#53364;&#51060; &#50630;&#51004;&#47732; &#51665;&#54665;&#51060; &#50724;&#54532;&#52404;&#51064;&#50640;&#49436;&#47564; &#51068;&#50612;&#45208;&#44256;, &#50728;&#52404;&#51064; &#44592;&#47197;&#51032; &#49888;&#47280; &#47784;&#45944;&#51060; &#44648;&#51652;&#45796;.</p><p>&#46168;&#51704;, &#44032;&#44201; &#49328;&#51221;&#51060;&#45796;. &#53664;&#53360;&#54868; &#52292;&#44428;&#44284; RWA &#53664;&#53360;&#51032; &#44032;&#44201;&#51008; &#44592;&#51316; &#44552;&#50997; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#51032; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#47484; &#52280;&#51312;&#54620;&#45796;. &#51060; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#44032; &#50728;&#52404;&#51064; &#51221;&#49328; &#47196;&#51649;&#50640; &#44160;&#51613; &#44032;&#45733;&#54620; &#48169;&#49885;&#51004;&#47196; &#51452;&#51077;&#46104;&#51648; &#50506;&#51004;&#47732;, &#51221;&#49328; &#44592;&#47197;&#51008; &#45224;&#51648;&#47564; &#44536; &#51221;&#49328;&#51060; &#50732;&#48148;&#47480; &#44032;&#44201;&#50640; &#51068;&#50612;&#45228;&#45796;&#45716; &#51613;&#47749;&#51060; &#50630;&#45796;. &#44048;&#49324; &#44288;&#51216;&#50640;&#49436; &#51060;&#44163;&#51008; &#44592;&#47197;&#51060; &#51080;&#51648;&#47564; &#49888;&#47280;&#54624; &#49688; &#50630;&#45716; &#44592;&#47197;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p>&#49483;&#51704;, &#51221;&#49328; &#51088;&#46041;&#54868;&#45796;. &#49688;&#51061;&#48516;&#48176;, &#51060;&#51088; &#51648;&#44553;, &#53216;&#54256; &#51221;&#49328;&#51008; &#50808;&#48512; &#51312;&#44148;&#50640; &#48148;&#51064;&#46377;&#46108;&#45796;. &#44592;&#51456;&#44552;&#47532; &#48320;&#46041;, &#51221;&#54644;&#51652; &#51648;&#44553;&#51068;, &#44592;&#52488; &#51088;&#49328; &#44032;&#44201;&#51032; &#51076;&#44228;&#44050; &#46020;&#45804;. &#49828;&#47560;&#53944; &#52968;&#53944;&#47001;&#53944;&#45716; &#51060; &#51312;&#44148;&#46308;&#51012; &#49828;&#49828;&#47196; &#50508; &#49688; &#50630;&#45796;. &#50724;&#46972;&#53364;&#51060; &#51204;&#45804;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#51004;&#47732;, &#51088;&#46041;&#54868;&#46972;&#44256; &#48512;&#47476;&#45716; &#44163;&#51060; &#49892;&#51228;&#47196;&#45716; &#45812;&#45817;&#51088;&#44032; &#49688;&#46041;&#51004;&#47196; &#53944;&#47532;&#44144;&#47484; &#45347;&#45716; &#44396;&#51312;&#44032; &#46108;&#45796;.</p><p>&#49464; &#51648;&#51216; &#47784;&#46160; &#54788;&#51116; &#51452;&#50836; &#50724;&#46972;&#53364; &#51228;&#44277;&#51088;&#46308;&#51060; &#44592;&#44288;&#50857; &#50756;&#49457;&#54408;&#51004;&#47196; &#51228;&#44277;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45796;. &#49884;&#51109; &#44032;&#44201; &#54588;&#46300;&#45716; Chainlink &#44057;&#51008; &#53448;&#51473;&#50521;&#54868; &#50724;&#46972;&#53364;&#47196; &#52964;&#48260;&#46108;&#45796;. &#44536;&#47084;&#45208; KYC &#49345;&#53468;&#45208; &#44508;&#51228; &#54540;&#47000;&#44536;&#52376;&#47100; &#45800;&#51068; &#44428;&#50948; &#51080;&#45716; &#49548;&#49828;&#50640;&#49436;&#47564; &#50724;&#45716; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#45716; &#50500;&#51649; &#44592;&#44288;&#48324; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;/&#44508;&#51228; &#50836;&#44148;&#50640; &#47582;&#52632; &#49444;&#44228;&#44032; &#54596;&#50836;&#54620; &#50689;&#50669;&#51004;&#47196; &#45224;&#50500; &#51080;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>&#51648;&#44552; &#51060; &#44396;&#44036;&#50640;&#49436; &#54644;&#50556; &#54624; &#44163;</h2><p>&#48277;&#51060; &#49884;&#54665;&#46104;&#44256; &#45208;&#49436; &#50724;&#46972;&#53364; &#49444;&#44228;&#47484; &#49884;&#51089;&#54616;&#47732; &#45734;&#45796;. &#50724;&#46972;&#53364; &#47112;&#51060;&#50612;&#45716; &#49828;&#47560;&#53944; &#52968;&#53944;&#47001;&#53944; &#49444;&#44228;, &#52964;&#49828;&#53552;&#46356; &#44396;&#51312;, &#44592;&#51316; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596; &#50672;&#46041;&#44284; &#46041;&#49884;&#50640; &#49444;&#44228;&#46104;&#50612;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;. &#45208;&#51473;&#50640; &#48537;&#51060;&#45716; &#44163;&#51060; &#44396;&#51312;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#44032;&#45733;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#45796;.</p><p>&#51648;&#44552; &#51060; &#44396;&#44036;&#50640;&#49436; &#51221;&#47532;&#54644;&#50556; &#54624; &#44163;&#46308;&#51060; &#51080;&#45796;.</p><p>&#50612;&#46500; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#44032; &#50728;&#52404;&#51064;&#50640; &#46308;&#50612;&#50752;&#50556; &#54616;&#45716;&#44032;. &#51221;&#49328;&#50640; &#54596;&#50836;&#54620; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#47484; &#47785;&#47197;&#51004;&#47196; &#47564;&#46308;&#44256;, &#44033;&#44033;&#51060; &#50612;&#46500; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#50640;&#49436; &#50724;&#45716;&#51648;, &#45572;&#44032; &#44428;&#50948; &#51080;&#45716; &#49548;&#49828;&#51064;&#51648; &#51221;&#51032;&#54644;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;.</p><p>&#44048;&#49324; &#52628;&#51201;&#51012; &#50612;&#46523;&#44172; &#49444;&#44228;&#54624; &#44163;&#51064;&#44032;. &#44508;&#51228; &#45817;&#44397;&#51008; &#47784;&#46304; &#51221;&#49328;&#51032; &#47784;&#46304; &#51077;&#47141;&#51060; &#44592;&#47197;&#46104;&#44256; &#44160;&#51613; &#44032;&#45733;&#54616;&#44592;&#47484; &#50836;&#44396;&#54620;&#45796;. &#50724;&#46972;&#53364; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#51032; &#49436;&#47749;&#44284; &#53440;&#51076;&#49828;&#53484;&#54532;&#44032; &#51060; &#50836;&#44148;&#51012; &#52649;&#51313;&#54624; &#49688; &#51080;&#51648;&#47564;, &#52376;&#51020;&#48512;&#53552; &#49444;&#44228;&#50640; &#54252;&#54632;&#46104;&#50612;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;.</p><p>&#44592;&#51316; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#44284;&#51032; &#51088;&#46041; &#46041;&#44592;&#54868;&#47484; &#50612;&#46523;&#44172; &#54624; &#44163;&#51064;&#44032;. &#54861;&#53097; &#49324;&#47168;&#51032; &#49688;&#46041; reconciliation &#47928;&#51228;&#44032; &#50668;&#44592;&#49436; &#50728;&#45796;. &#50728;&#52404;&#51064; &#44592;&#47197;&#44284; &#44592;&#51316; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596; &#44592;&#47197;&#51060; &#51088;&#46041;&#51004;&#47196; &#46041;&#44592;&#54868;&#46104;&#51648; &#50506;&#51004;&#47732;, &#50868;&#50689;&#54016;&#51060; &#47588;&#51068; &#46160; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#51012; &#49688;&#51089;&#50629;&#51004;&#47196; &#47582;&#52656;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;.</p><p>&#45572;&#44032; &#50724;&#46972;&#53364; &#48708;&#50857;&#51012; &#49548;&#50976;&#54616;&#45716;&#44032;. &#50724;&#46972;&#53364; &#51064;&#54532;&#46972;&#45716; &#50868;&#50689; &#48708;&#50857;&#51060; &#48156;&#49373;&#54620;&#45796;. &#51060;&#44163;&#51060; &#51088;&#48376; &#51648;&#52636;&#51064;&#51648; &#50868;&#50689; &#48708;&#50857;&#51064;&#51648; &#51221;&#47532;&#46104;&#51648; &#50506;&#51004;&#47732;, &#48277; &#49884;&#54665; &#49884;&#51216;&#50640; &#50696;&#49328; &#45436;&#51137;&#51004;&#47196; &#51068;&#51221;&#51060; &#48128;&#47536;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>&#51648;&#44552; &#51060; &#44544;&#51012; &#51069;&#45716; &#49324;&#46988;&#51060; &#44032;&#51256;&#44032;&#50556; &#54624; &#44163;</h2><p>PoC &#44160;&#53664;&#47484; &#49884;&#51089;&#54616;&#45716; &#54016;&#51060;&#46972;&#47732; &#49828;&#47560;&#53944; &#52968;&#53944;&#47001;&#53944; &#49444;&#44228;&#50752; &#46041;&#49884;&#50640; &#50724;&#46972;&#53364; &#47112;&#51060;&#50612;&#47484; &#49444;&#44228;&#54644;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;. &#52404;&#51064; &#49440;&#53469;, &#52964;&#49828;&#53552;&#46356; &#44396;&#51312;&#47484; &#45436;&#51032;&#54616;&#45716; &#49884;&#51216;&#50640; &#8220;&#44592;&#51316; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#50640;&#49436; &#50612;&#46500; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#44032; &#50728;&#52404;&#51064;&#50640; &#46308;&#50612;&#50752;&#50556; &#54616;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#44032; &#54632;&#44760; &#51221;&#51032;&#46104;&#50612;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;.</p><p>&#51060;&#48120; PoC&#47484; &#47560;&#52828; &#54016;&#51060;&#46972;&#47732; &#51648;&#44552; &#45817;&#51109; &#44592;&#51316; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596; &#50672;&#46041; &#47785;&#47197;&#51012; &#47564;&#46308;&#50612;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;. &#44032;&#44201; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#45716; &#50612;&#46356;&#49436; &#50724;&#45716;&#44032;. KYC &#49345;&#53468;&#45716; &#45572;&#44032; &#44428;&#50948; &#51080;&#45716; &#49548;&#49828;&#51064;&#44032;. &#51221;&#49328; &#53944;&#47532;&#44144;&#45716; &#50612;&#46500; &#51312;&#44148;&#50640;&#49436; &#48156;&#46041;&#46104;&#45716;&#44032;. &#51060; &#47785;&#47197;&#51060; &#50630;&#51004;&#47732; &#50724;&#46972;&#53364; &#49444;&#44228;&#44032; &#49884;&#51089;&#46104;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45796;.</p><p>2027&#45380; &#49884;&#54665; &#49884;&#51216;&#50640; &#51060;&#44163;&#51060; &#50630;&#51004;&#47732;, &#48277;&#51201; &#51109;&#52824;&#44032; &#49373;&#44200;&#46020; &#50868;&#50689;&#54016;&#51060; &#49688;&#51089;&#50629;&#51004;&#47196; &#52292;&#50892; &#45347;&#44172; &#46108;&#45796;. &#54861;&#53097;&#51060; &#44536;&#47020;&#45912; &#44163;&#52376;&#47100;.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong><a href="http://bharvest.io/">B-Harvest</a></strong>&#50640;&#49436;&#45716; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#51064;&#54532;&#46972;&#47484; &#44060;&#48156;&#54616;&#44256;, &#50868;&#50689;&#54633;&#45768;&#45796;. &#51200;&#45716; Ethereum&#44284; Polygon &#47700;&#51064;&#45367;&#50640;&#49436; Chainlink &#50724;&#46972;&#53364; &#45432;&#46300;&#47484; &#51649;&#51217; &#50868;&#50689;&#54664;&#44256;, &#54788;&#51116; &#44592;&#44288; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#51064;&#54532;&#46972;&#47484; &#50672;&#44396;&#54616;&#44256; &#51080;&#49845;&#45768;&#45796;. &#51060; &#44544;&#51032; &#45236;&#50857;&#51008; &#44060;&#51064; &#51032;&#44204;&#51077;&#45768;&#45796;.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Why your blockchain node is always slow]]></title><description><![CDATA[Not the wrong instinct. But in my experience, the real culprit is the disk.]]></description><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/why-your-blockchain-node-is-always</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/why-your-blockchain-node-is-always</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jinu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2026 01:57:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KbPh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p>You set up a new node. Sync doesn&#8217;t finish. The logs show blocks being processed, but the speed is wrong. So you check the network first: peer count, firewall rules, bandwidth.</p><p>Not the wrong instinct. But in my experience, the real culprit is the disk.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h3>How a blockchain node actually uses storage</h3><p>A blockchain node doesn&#8217;t behave like a typical web server. Web servers mostly read; writes are logs. A blockchain node does something different: it stores and verifies every transaction the network has ever processed, locally. That data runs into hundreds of gigabytes or multiple terabytes depending on the chain.</p><p>The problematic phase is block sync. When a node first joins a network, it has to replay the entire transaction history from genesis to catch up to the current tip. During this phase, disk read patterns get intense. The node isn&#8217;t reading sequentially. It&#8217;s verifying multiple blocks in parallel, jumping around the disk at random. Running nodes across multiple chains in the Cosmos ecosystem, I measured read IOPS exceeding 5K io/s during this phase on some chains.</p><p>IOPS is the number of I/O operations the disk handles per second. The higher the number, the more concurrent read/write requests the disk is fielding.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h3>Why cloud storage struggles with this pattern</h3><p>AWS EBS and similar cloud block storage are network-attached. The disk isn&#8217;t physically inside the server. Every I/O request travels over a network hop to reach it. That hop adds latency to every single operation.</p><p>A bare metal server with NVMe is different. The drive sits in a PCIe slot, directly connected. No network traversal between the CPU and the disk.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KbPh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KbPh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KbPh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KbPh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KbPh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KbPh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png" width="1440" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1440,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:89976,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://blog.jinuahn05.me/i/196610172?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KbPh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KbPh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KbPh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KbPh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34643b40-bd0f-46ce-b230-9482379416cd_1440x720.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>This structural difference shows up clearly in workloads with high random read IOPS, exactly what block sync produces. I ran the same chain on AWS EBS and an OVH bare metal server side by side.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hmbz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a65c9a4-800e-4411-aad9-4ff511f45f1d_1440x400.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hmbz!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a65c9a4-800e-4411-aad9-4ff511f45f1d_1440x400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hmbz!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a65c9a4-800e-4411-aad9-4ff511f45f1d_1440x400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hmbz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a65c9a4-800e-4411-aad9-4ff511f45f1d_1440x400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hmbz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a65c9a4-800e-4411-aad9-4ff511f45f1d_1440x400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hmbz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a65c9a4-800e-4411-aad9-4ff511f45f1d_1440x400.png" width="1440" height="400" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hmbz!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a65c9a4-800e-4411-aad9-4ff511f45f1d_1440x400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hmbz!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a65c9a4-800e-4411-aad9-4ff511f45f1d_1440x400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hmbz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a65c9a4-800e-4411-aad9-4ff511f45f1d_1440x400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hmbz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a65c9a4-800e-4411-aad9-4ff511f45f1d_1440x400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2BX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd6cf96f-d0d3-4fe1-ac25-948a3a51e23f_1440x1120.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2BX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd6cf96f-d0d3-4fe1-ac25-948a3a51e23f_1440x1120.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2BX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd6cf96f-d0d3-4fe1-ac25-948a3a51e23f_1440x1120.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2BX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd6cf96f-d0d3-4fe1-ac25-948a3a51e23f_1440x1120.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2BX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd6cf96f-d0d3-4fe1-ac25-948a3a51e23f_1440x1120.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2BX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd6cf96f-d0d3-4fe1-ac25-948a3a51e23f_1440x1120.png" width="1440" height="1120" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2BX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd6cf96f-d0d3-4fe1-ac25-948a3a51e23f_1440x1120.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2BX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd6cf96f-d0d3-4fe1-ac25-948a3a51e23f_1440x1120.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2BX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd6cf96f-d0d3-4fe1-ac25-948a3a51e23f_1440x1120.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2BX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd6cf96f-d0d3-4fe1-ac25-948a3a51e23f_1440x1120.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The wait time gap is about 34x. The queue size tells the same story. On EBS, I/O requests pile up waiting. On bare metal, they clear almost instantly.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h3>Can&#8217;t you just provision more IOPS on EBS?</h3><p>Yes. AWS EBS gp3 goes up to 16K io/s and 1000 MB/s throughput. Provisioning beyond the baseline (3K IOPS, 125 MB/s) closes the gap.</p><p>But the moment you go past the baseline, you pay extra. Compare the monthly cost of a high-spec EBS volume against a bare metal server and see which wins on performance per dollar. For workloads that need sustained high IOPS around the clock, the math usually doesn&#8217;t favor EBS.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h3>The filesystem matters too</h3><p>Storage choice is one variable. Filesystem is another. On Linux, the main options are EXT4 and XFS.</p><p>EXT4 works well under 1K IOPS and 200 MB/s. Block sync on most chains pushes past both thresholds. XFS handles high IOPS and parallel I/O better. For blockchain nodes, where block sync dominates the disk profile, XFS is the right choice.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h3>Summary</h3><p>If your node is slow, check the disk before anything else. Three concrete steps:</p><p>First, use bare metal NVMe over cloud-attached storage. The network hop in EBS is a structural disadvantage for random-read-heavy workloads like block sync.</p><p>Second, use XFS. It handles the IOPS and parallel I/O that block sync generates better than EXT4 does.</p><p>Third, measure your workload before changing hardware. Know which phase is slow before you pick a fix.</p><p>Upgrade the instance type last. In most cases, the answer is already in the storage layer.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[[ENG] What LayerZero DVNs See, What Cosmos IBC Light Clients See]]></title><description><![CDATA[A structural comparison of cross-chain verification, surfaced by the KelpDAO $290M exploit]]></description><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/eng-what-layerzero-dvns-see-what</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/eng-what-layerzero-dvns-see-what</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jinu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 07:07:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>On April 18, 2026, KelpDAO lost 116,500 rsETH. At roughly <a href="https://www.theblock.co/post/398028/layerzero-kelp-dao-lazarus">$290M</a>, it is the largest DeFi hack of the year.</p><p>The <a href="https://layerzero.network/blog/kelpdao-incident-statement">LayerZero post-mortem</a> is technically clear. The protocol code was not compromised. DVN contracts, key management, OApp Solidity code, none of that was touched. What was compromised were two op-geth RPC nodes polled by the LayerZero Labs DVN, plus a DDoS on healthy external RPCs that forced failover to the poisoned ones.</p><p>No on-chain code was broken, yet a &#8220;verified&#8221; cross-chain message was forged and executed. Understanding how that is possible means looking at what the DVN structurally verifies. That structure becomes sharper when you contrast it with how Cosmos IBC is designed.</p><h2>1. DVNs see a signature. Light clients see the state.</h2><p>When Ethereum accepts &#8220;this message originated on Unichain&#8221; in LayerZero, the Ethereum endpoint checks exactly one thing: did the DVN set configured by the OApp post an attestation over this message&#8217;s <code>payloadHash</code>?</p><p>If the attestation arrives, the message executes. Ethereum does not store Unichain block headers. It does not recompute Unichain&#8217;s state transitions. It trusts the DVN&#8217;s claim that the event happened. The DVN produces that claim by polling a configured RPC endpoint for the source-chain event, taking whatever answer comes back, and signing it for posting to the destination. That is the full chain of custody.</p><p>What the destination chain ultimately trusts is the DVN signer&#8217;s signature, not the source chain&#8217;s state.</p><p>IBC is designed differently. A <a href="https://ibc.cosmos.network/main/ibc/light-clients/tendermint/overview/">light client</a> of the source chain lives on the destination chain. That light client knows the source chain&#8217;s validator set. When a new header comes in, it verifies directly that at least 2/3 of the validator set has signed it. Validator set rotations are tracked through <code>UpdateClient</code>. When a packet arrives, the destination chain independently runs a Merkle proof against the <code>AppHash</code> held by the light client, checking that the message is actually included in the source chain&#8217;s state, following <a href="https://github.com/cosmos/ibc/blob/main/spec/core/ics-002-client-semantics/README.md">ICS-23</a>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png" width="1456" height="1071" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1071,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A relayer carries the headers and proofs, but the relayer is not trusted. The destination chain recomputes everything itself, so a lying relayer just produces a proof that fails verification. The unit of trust is not &#8220;who delivered it&#8221; or &#8220;who signed it,&#8221; but &#8220;the source chain&#8217;s own consensus.&#8221;</p><p>This model is not fully trustless. The ibc-go documentation calls IBC &#8220;<a href="https://ibc.cosmos.network/main/ibc/light-clients/tendermint/overview/">trust-minimized</a>,&#8221; not trustless. If 2/3 or more of the source chain&#8217;s validators collude, the <code>AppHash</code> they produce can itself be a lie, and the light client gets deceived. The cost of that attack, however, is capturing the source chain&#8217;s consensus, which is on-chain economic security. That is a different economic unit from compromising a handful of off-chain nodes.</p><p>Both models carry real tradeoffs. The light-client approach is bounded by chain-pair feasibility. Consensus types must be compatible, the client implementation has to be deployed on the destination, and update frequency and gas cost are nontrivial. Connecting arbitrary chains quickly is hard. The attestation approach works across any pair and is cheap, but it pushes the question of &#8220;how does the verifier know the source chain&#8217;s state&#8221; onto each operator.</p><p>This incident is what happens when that question breaks down. The DVN does not independently reconstruct chain state. It asks an RPC and takes the answer. Poison those RPCs and DDoS the healthy ones, and the DVN&#8217;s picture of the source chain is itself fabricated. On top of a fabricated picture, the DVN signed honestly and the destination chain verified the signature honestly. There is no line of code anywhere that you can point to and say &#8220;this is where the lie entered.&#8221;</p><h2>2. Multi-DVN is necessary but not sufficient</h2><p>LayerZero&#8217;s public position is simple. KelpDAO ran a 1-of-1 DVN setup, so it got hit. A multi-DVN setup would have prevented this. The post-mortem states that multi-DVN redundancy has been LayerZero&#8217;s consistent recommendation to integrators.</p><p>KelpDAO <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/04/20/kelp-dao-claims-layerzero-s-default-settings-are-what-actually-caused-the-usd290-million-disaster">pushed back publicly</a>. It says it has been running on LayerZero since January 2024, had a direct communication channel open since July 2024, and had the default configuration confirmed as appropriate when rsETH expanded to L2s. Kelp says it was never told to change the DVN setup specifically.</p><p>The numerics from <a href="https://thedefiant.io/news/security/dune-layerzero-oapp-dvn-security-analysis-1bklaq">Dune</a> shortly after the incident: of 2,665 active LayerZero OApps, 47% use a 1-of-1 DVN setup. Why that fraction is so large is not a mystery. The sample <code>layerzero.config.ts</code> in the LayerZero V2 OApp Quickstart ships with one required DVN and zero optional DVNs. Yearn&#8217;s banteg <a href="https://www.dipprofit.com/kelp-dao-blames-layerzero-s-default-setting/">confirmed separately</a> that LayerZero&#8217;s public deployment code ships single-source verification as the reference across Ethereum, BSC, Polygon, Arbitrum, and Optimism. The official recommendation and the default shipping 1/1 can both be true at the same time.</p><p>Set the default problem aside and ask the structural question. Does having N DVNs actually give you N times the safety?</p><p>If five &#8220;independent&#8221; DVNs all read source-chain state from the same three RPC providers, an attacker who poisons those three providers forces all five DVNs to see the same forged state and produce the same valid signatures. M-of-N only does real work when each N is an independent failure domain.</p><p>This incident fits that proposition exactly. KelpDAO&#8217;s rsETH bridge was configured at the OApp layer with one required DVN. That is the 1-of-1 configuration. Whether that single DVN internally uses one signer or a multi-signer setup has not been disclosed publicly by LayerZero. Whatever the internal signing policy is, if the input to that policy, the observation of the source chain, comes through the same RPC, the outcome is the same. Multiple signers observe the same lie and produce multiple valid signatures. They do not cross-check independent observations.</p><p>Majority safety comes from how many different observations exist, not how many signatures exist. This attack is the case where that distinction was real on paper and absent in operation.</p><p>Assume we raised the DVN count at the OApp layer from 1 to 3. If those three DVNs all run the same binary image that LayerZero Labs distributes and all depend on the same class of public RPC provider, the attack surface is materially unchanged. The count goes up, the correlation stays the same.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png" width="1040" height="762" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:762,&quot;width&quot;:1040,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Correlation axes worth auditing:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Binary implementation.</strong> Do they share the same image or the same codebase? LayerZero typically distributes the DVN binary to partner operators, which creates shared-implementation risk by default.</p></li><li><p><strong>RPC dependency.</strong> Do they hit the same public endpoints (Infura, Alchemy) or run independent full nodes? Are RPCs IP-whitelisted private, or open public?</p></li><li><p><strong>Client implementation.</strong> All op-geth? All Reth? Is there a single client-level zero-day exposure?</p></li><li><p><strong>Hosting.</strong> All on AWS us-east-1? Are regions, clouds, and ISPs diversified?</p></li><li><p><strong>Operating entity.</strong> Legally separate companies, or different brands under the same parent? Contractually independent?</p></li></ol><p><a href="https://radar.securityalliance.org/initial-takeaways-layerzero-dvn-incident/">SEAL&#8217;s advisory</a>, published two days after the incident, calls this out directly. Teams need to exhaustively map their supply chain. The real risk is hidden correlation, the &#8220;3-of-5 multisig where 4 signers use the same custodian&#8221; pattern. Raising the count is trivial. Actually achieving independence requires deliberate work on each axis.</p><p>The contrast with the light-client model is sharp. Imagine running three independent light-client instances. What each verifies is the source chain&#8217;s validator signatures and its <code>AppHash</code>. Forging those signatures requires actually compromising 2/3 of the source chain&#8217;s validator set. Even if all three instances happen to read header data from the same RPC, signature verification still runs independently in each instance. A lying RPC produces a proof that fails verification, not a forged state that propagates. The light client verifies what is attached to the data, not how the data was delivered.</p><p>The DVN verifies the RPC response itself. Nothing is attached to that response. Poison the RPC and the whole thing travels downstream.</p><h2>3. April 18: how the difference showed up</h2><p>Two large incidents hit 18 days apart in 2026. Drift Protocol lost $285M on April 1. KelpDAO lost $290M on April 18. Combined: $575M. Both are <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/04/20/layerzero-blames-kelp-s-setup-for-usd290-million-exploit-attributes-it-to-north-korea-s-lazarus">attributed</a> to North Korea&#8217;s Lazarus Group, specifically the TraderTraitor sub-unit.</p><p>Neither was a smart-contract bug. Drift was social engineering against governance signers. KelpDAO was infrastructure penetration against the RPCs the DVN depended on. As <a href="https://www.blockaid.io/blog/how-a-single-layerzero-dvn-compromise-drained-292m-from-kelpdao">Blockaid</a> noted, both exits sit outside the scope of smart-contract audits.</p><p>The attack, step by step:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Reconnaissance, RPC list acquisition.</strong> The attacker obtained the list of RPC nodes the LayerZero Labs DVN polls. The LayerZero statement says only that &#8220;the attacker was able to gain access to the list of RPCs our DVN uses.&#8221; How that list leaked is not disclosed. The initial intrusion vector remains unexplained in the public record.</p></li><li><p><strong>RPC node compromise, binary swap.</strong> The binaries running on two op-geth nodes, hosted in separate clusters, were replaced with malicious versions. The DVN instances themselves were not breached. Least-privilege isolation held.</p></li><li><p><strong>Selective forgery, monitoring evasion.</strong> The malicious binary returned forged data only to the DVN&#8217;s IP, while returning honest data to every other IP (LayerZero Scan, external observers). LayerZero wrote that the design &#8220;was carefully designed to prevent any security monitoring from noticing anomalies.&#8221; LayerZero&#8217;s own anomaly detection was effectively blinded during the window.</p></li><li><p><strong>DDoS to force failover.</strong> The DVN runs a redundant RPC setup across internal and external providers, so compromising two nodes was not enough. A DDoS was mounted against the healthy external RPCs, forcing failover to the poisoned ones. The window was 10:20 a.m. to 11:40 a.m. PT on April 18. LayerZero published the external RPC traffic graph showing the DDoS peak.</p></li><li><p><strong>Message forgery.</strong> Once failover triggered, the poisoned nodes reported a Unichain transaction that never happened. Whatever internal signing policy the DVN uses, its input all came from the same poisoned RPC, so a valid attestation was produced and the 1-DVN requirement Kelp had configured was met. The Ethereum OFTAdapter then released 116,500 rsETH to the attacker through <code>lzReceive</code>.</p></li><li><p><strong>Anti-forensics.</strong> Once the window closed, the malicious binary self-destructed. LayerZero&#8217;s statement: &#8220;It was designed to self-destruct once the attack could no longer be performed, disabling the RPCs, deleting the malicious binary and corresponding local logs and configs.&#8221; Disable the RPC daemons, wipe the binary, wipe the logs, wipe the configs. That pattern is standard APT tradecraft.</p></li></ol><p>What matters here is that the attacker thought like a network operator, not a smart-contract attacker. Reconnaissance, pivot, selective deception, availability-to-integrity downgrade, anti-forensics. Those are familiar to a web2 security team, not to a Solidity auditor.</p><p>The structural reason this attack succeeded is that the destination chain only verifies &#8220;what the DVN said.&#8221; If the destination chain had verified &#8220;what the source chain&#8217;s validators signed,&#8221; RPC poisoning and DDoS would produce failures, but not forged messages. None of the six steps above forges a source-chain validator signature.</p><p>In the DVN model, the compromise of off-chain nodes propagates all the way to destination-chain approval. In the light-client model, off-chain compromise stops at &#8220;signature verification failed.&#8221; That difference is structural.</p><h2>Closing</h2><p>This is not a takedown of LayerZero specifically. Attestation-based verifier models are a legitimate option for chain pairs that a light client cannot reach, and this incident does not invalidate that design choice. Where the destination chain cannot natively run the source&#8217;s light client, whether because of a missing implementation or an incompatible proof system, an attestation layer like the DVN is a practical way around the limit.</p><p>The design decision, though, requires that &#8220;what is the verifier ultimately looking at&#8221; be asked explicitly. DVNs see RPC responses. Light clients see validator signatures and Merkle proofs. The first accepts &#8220;someone&#8217;s report about the chain&#8217;s state.&#8221; The second accepts &#8220;the chain&#8217;s state itself.&#8221; What broke on April 18 was the first model&#8217;s premise.</p><p>When evaluating cross-chain infrastructure, &#8220;how many DVNs in the set&#8221; is the second question. The first question is &#8220;what are those verifiers ultimately looking at.&#8221; The answer to that determines whether an attacker has to break a handful of off-chain nodes, or the source chain&#8217;s consensus itself.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>References</strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://layerzero.network/blog/kelpdao-incident-statement">LayerZero, &#8220;KelpDAO Incident Statement,&#8221; Apr 19, 2026</a>. Primary source for the attack chain, multi-DVN recommendation, selective deception, DDoS window, and self-destruct routine.</p></li><li><p><a href="https://radar.securityalliance.org/initial-takeaways-layerzero-dvn-incident/">Security Alliance, &#8220;Initial Takeaways on LayerZero DVN Security Incident,&#8221; Apr 20, 2026</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://thedefiant.io/news/security/dune-layerzero-oapp-dvn-security-analysis-1bklaq">The Defiant, &#8220;Dune Analytics Reveals 47% of LayerZero OApps Use Minimal DVN Security Following KelpDAO Hack,&#8221; Apr 20, 2026</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/04/20/kelp-dao-claims-layerzero-s-default-settings-are-what-actually-caused-the-usd290-million-disaster">CoinDesk, &#8220;Kelp DAO hits back at LayerZero for trying to shift the blame after a massive exploit,&#8221; Apr 20, 2026</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/04/20/layerzero-blames-kelp-s-setup-for-usd290-million-exploit-attributes-it-to-north-korea-s-lazarus">CoinDesk, &#8220;LayerZero blames Kelp&#8217;s setup for $290 million exploit, attributes it to North Korea&#8217;s Lazarus,&#8221; Apr 20, 2026</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.theblock.co/post/398028/layerzero-kelp-dao-lazarus">The Block, &#8220;LayerZero says North Korea&#8217;s Lazarus likely behind Kelp DAO exploit; blames single-point setup,&#8221; Apr 20, 2026</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.blockaid.io/blog/how-a-single-layerzero-dvn-compromise-drained-292m-from-kelpdao">Blockaid, &#8220;How a Single LayerZero DVN Compromise Drained $292M from KelpDAO,&#8221; Apr 20, 2026</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://ibc.cosmos.network/main/ibc/light-clients/tendermint/overview/">ibc-go, Tendermint light client overview</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://github.com/cosmos/ibc/blob/main/spec/core/ics-002-client-semantics/README.md">ICS-02 client semantics</a></p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[[KOR] Layerzero DVN이 보는 것, Cosmos IBC가 보는 것]]></title><description><![CDATA[KelpDAO 2.9&#50613; &#45804;&#47084; &#53448;&#52712; &#49324;&#44148;&#51060; &#46300;&#47084;&#45240; cross-chain &#44160;&#51613;&#51032; &#44396;&#51312;&#51201; &#52264;&#51060;]]></description><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/layerzero-dvn-cosmos-ibc</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/layerzero-dvn-cosmos-ibc</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jinu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 06:06:45 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Eng: </p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;6540f52c-bea6-4030-8d2c-be0c378e14a6&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;On April 18, 2026, KelpDAO lost 116,500 rsETH. At roughly $290M, it is the largest DeFi hack of the year.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;[ENG] What LayerZero DVNs See, What Cosmos IBC Light Clients See&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:414996191,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Jinu&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Infrastructure &amp; DevTooling Engineer | Blockchain / Kubernetes / Go&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77c00b7d-b0fe-4e69-b287-2f0b3edff12f_736x736.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-04-22T07:07:38.428Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/eng-what-layerzero-dvns-see-what&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:195003814,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:8553984,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;jinuahn&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HTjN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd832b1f4-ec47-40ba-b3ce-b34bce67ebb0_736x736.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>2026&#45380; 4&#50900; 18&#51068;, KelpDAO&#51032; rsETH 116,500&#44060;&#44032; &#49324;&#46972;&#51276;&#45796;. &#54588;&#54644;&#50529; &#50557; <a href="https://www.theblock.co/post/398028/layerzero-kelp-dao-lazarus">2.9&#50613; &#45804;&#47084;</a>&#47196; &#50732;&#54644; DeFi &#52572;&#45824; &#44508;&#47784;&#51032; &#54644;&#53433;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p>LayerZero&#44032; &#49324;&#44148; &#51649;&#54980; <a href="https://layerzero.network/blog/kelpdao-incident-statement">&#44277;&#44060;&#54620; post-mortem</a>&#51008; &#44592;&#49696;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196;&#45716; &#47749;&#54869;&#54616;&#45796;. &#54532;&#47196;&#53664;&#53084; &#53076;&#46300;&#45716; &#46763;&#47532;&#51648; &#50506;&#50520;&#45796;. DVN &#52968;&#53944;&#47001;&#53944;&#46020;, &#44060;&#51064;&#53412; &#44288;&#47532;&#46020;, OApp&#51032; Solidity &#53076;&#46300;&#46020; &#46763;&#47532;&#51648; &#50506;&#50520;&#45796;. &#46763;&#47536; &#44163;&#51008; LayerZero Labs&#44032; &#50868;&#50689;&#54616;&#45716; DVN&#51060; &#51312;&#54924;&#54616;&#45912; op-geth RPC &#45432;&#46300; 2&#45824;&#50752;, &#51221;&#49345; &#53944;&#47000;&#54589;&#51012; &#44256;&#47549;&#49884;&#53412;&#44592; &#50948;&#54620; &#50808;&#48512; RPC &#45824;&#49345;&#51032; DDoS&#50688;&#45796;.</p><p>&#52404;&#51064; &#50948;&#51032; &#50612;&#46500; &#53076;&#46300;&#46020; &#46763;&#47532;&#51648; &#50506;&#50520;&#45716;&#45936; &#8220;&#44160;&#51613;&#46108;&#8221; cross-chain &#47700;&#49884;&#51648;&#44032; &#50948;&#51312;&#46096;&#45796;. &#51060;&#44172; &#50612;&#46523;&#44172; &#44032;&#45733;&#54620;&#51648;&#47484; &#51060;&#54644;&#54616;&#47140;&#47732; DVN&#51060; &#44396;&#51312;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; <strong>&#47924;&#50631;&#51012;</strong> &#44160;&#51613;&#54616;&#45716;&#51648;&#48512;&#53552; &#48400;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;. &#44536;&#47532;&#44256; &#44536; &#44396;&#51312;&#45716; Cosmos IBC&#44032; &#49444;&#44228;&#46108; &#48169;&#49885;&#44284; &#45824;&#51312;&#54664;&#51012; &#46412; &#44032;&#51109; &#49440;&#47749;&#54616;&#44172; &#46300;&#47084;&#45212;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><h2>1. DVN&#51008; &#49436;&#47749;&#51012; &#48372;&#44256;, light client&#45716; &#49345;&#53468;&#47484; &#48376;&#45796;</h2><p>LayerZero&#50640;&#49436; Ethereum&#51060; &#8220;Unichain&#50640;&#49436; &#51060; &#47700;&#49884;&#51648;&#44032; &#48156;&#49373;&#54664;&#45796;&#8221;&#44256; &#48155;&#50500;&#46308;&#51068; &#46412;, Ethereum &#51901; endpoint&#44032; &#49892;&#51228;&#47196; &#44160;&#51613;&#54616;&#45716; &#44163;&#51008; &#54616;&#45208;&#45796;. OApp&#51060; &#49444;&#51221;&#54620; DVN set&#51060; &#51060; &#47700;&#49884;&#51648;&#51032; <code>payloadHash</code>&#50640; &#45824;&#54644; attestation&#51012; &#50732;&#47160;&#45716;&#44032;.</p><p></p><p>DVN set&#51032; attestation&#51060; &#46308;&#50612;&#50724;&#47732; &#47700;&#49884;&#51648;&#45716; &#49892;&#54665;&#46108;&#45796;. Ethereum&#51008; Unichain&#51032; &#48660;&#47197; &#54756;&#45908;&#47484; &#48372;&#44288;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45796;. Unichain&#51032; state transition&#51060; &#49892;&#51228;&#47196; &#51068;&#50612;&#45228;&#45716;&#51648; &#49828;&#49828;&#47196; &#51116;&#44228;&#49328;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45796;. DVN&#51032; &#8220;&#45208;&#45716; &#48420;&#45796;&#8221;&#45716; &#49440;&#50616;&#51012; &#49888;&#47280;&#54624; &#49104;&#51060;&#45796;. DVN&#51060; &#44536; &#49440;&#50616;&#51012; &#47564;&#46308;&#50612;&#45236;&#45716; &#48169;&#49885;&#51008; &#51088;&#49888;&#51060; &#49444;&#51221;&#46108; RPC &#50644;&#46300;&#54252;&#51064;&#53944;&#50640; source chain&#51032; &#51060;&#48292;&#53944;&#47484; &#47932;&#50612;&#48372;&#45716; &#44163;&#51060;&#44256;, &#45813;&#51060; &#50724;&#47732; &#44536; &#45813;&#51012; &#49436;&#47749;&#54644;&#49436; destination&#50640; &#50732;&#47536;&#45796;. &#45149;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>destination chain&#51060; &#44417;&#44537;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#49888;&#47280;&#54616;&#45716; &#44163;&#51008; DVN signer&#51032; &#49436;&#47749;&#51060;&#51648; source chain&#51032; &#49345;&#53468;&#44032; &#50500;&#45768;&#45796;.</p><p>IBC&#45716; &#45796;&#47476;&#44172; &#49444;&#44228;&#46096;&#45796;. Destination chain &#50948;&#50640; source chain&#51032; <a href="https://ibc.cosmos.network/main/ibc/light-clients/tendermint/overview/">light client&#44032; &#50732;&#46972;&#44032; &#51080;&#45796;</a>. &#51060; light client&#45716; source chain&#51032; validator set&#51012; &#50508;&#44256; &#51080;&#44256;, &#49352; block header&#44032; &#50732;&#46972;&#50732; &#46412; &#54644;&#45817; &#54756;&#45908;&#50640; validator set&#51032; 2/3 &#51060;&#49345; &#49436;&#47749;&#51060; &#51080;&#45716;&#51648; &#51649;&#51217; &#44160;&#51613;&#54620;&#45796;. Validator set &#51088;&#52404;&#44032; &#44368;&#52404;&#46104;&#47732; &#44536; &#44368;&#52404;&#44620;&#51648; <code>UpdateClient</code> &#44221;&#47196;&#47196; &#52628;&#51201;&#54620;&#45796;. Packet&#51060; &#46020;&#52265;&#54616;&#47732; destination chain&#51008; light client&#44032; &#48372;&#44288; &#51473;&#51064; <code>AppHash</code>&#47484; &#47336;&#53944;&#47196; Merkle proof&#47484; &#46028;&#47140; &#8220;&#51060; &#47700;&#49884;&#51648;&#44032; source chain&#51032; state&#50640; &#49892;&#51228;&#47196; &#54252;&#54632;&#46096;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#47484; <a href="https://github.com/cosmos/ibc/blob/main/spec/core/ics-002-client-semantics/README.md">ICS-23 &#44508;&#50557;</a>&#50640; &#46384;&#46972; &#49828;&#49828;&#47196; &#44228;&#49328;&#54620;&#45796;.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png" width="1456" height="1071" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EyM7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6b7d4e3-0118-4d3d-8ad0-1f2445c36a9a_2040x1500.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p></p><p>Relayer&#46972;&#45716; &#50808;&#48512; &#51452;&#52404;&#44032; &#54756;&#45908;&#50752; proof&#47484; &#50868;&#48152;&#54616;&#44596; &#54616;&#51648;&#47564;, relayer&#45716; &#49888;&#47280;&#46104;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45796;. Destination chain&#51060; &#49828;&#49828;&#47196; &#51116;&#44228;&#49328;&#54616;&#44592; &#46412;&#47928;&#50640; relayer&#44032; &#44144;&#51667;&#47568;&#51012; &#54616;&#47732; proof&#44032; &#44160;&#51613;&#50640; &#49892;&#54056;&#54620;&#45796;. &#49888;&#47280;&#51032; &#45800;&#50948;&#45716; &#8220;&#45572;&#44032; &#50868;&#48152;&#54664;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#45208; &#8220;&#45572;&#44032; &#49436;&#47749;&#54664;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#44032; &#50500;&#45768;&#46972; &#8220;source chain&#51032; &#54633;&#51032; &#51088;&#52404;&#8221;&#45796;.</p><p>&#51060; &#47784;&#45944;&#46020; &#50756;&#51204;&#55176; &#47924;&#49888;&#47280;&#45716; &#50500;&#45768;&#45796;. ibc-go &#44277;&#49885; &#47928;&#49436;&#45716; IBC&#47484; &#8220;trustless&#8221;&#44032; &#50500;&#45768;&#46972; &#8220;<a href="https://ibc.cosmos.network/main/ibc/light-clients/tendermint/overview/">trust-minimized</a>&#8220;&#47196; &#44508;&#51221;&#54620;&#45796;. Source chain&#51032; validator 2/3 &#51060;&#49345;&#51060; &#50501;&#51032;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#54633;&#51032;&#47484; &#51109;&#50501;&#54616;&#47732; &#44536; &#52404;&#51064;&#51060; &#45236;&#45716; AppHash &#51088;&#52404;&#44032; &#44144;&#51667;&#51060; &#46112; &#49688; &#51080;&#44256;, &#44536;&#47084;&#47732; light client&#46020; &#49549;&#45716;&#45796;. &#45796;&#47564; &#51060; &#44221;&#50864;&#51032; &#44277;&#44201; &#48708;&#50857;&#51008; &#8220;source chain &#54633;&#51032; &#51109;&#50501;&#8221;&#51060;&#46972;&#45716; on-chain &#44221;&#51228; &#48372;&#50504; &#49688;&#51456;&#51060; &#46108;&#45796;. off-chain &#45432;&#46300; &#47751; &#45824; &#52840;&#53804;&#50752;&#45716; &#44221;&#51228;&#51201; &#45800;&#50948;&#44032; &#45796;&#47476;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>&#46160; &#47784;&#45944; &#47784;&#46160; &#47749;&#54869;&#54620; trade-off&#44032; &#51080;&#45796;. Light client &#48169;&#49885;&#51008; chain &#49933;&#47560;&#45796; feasibility&#44032; &#45804;&#46972;&#51652;&#45796;. Consensus &#53440;&#51077;&#51060; &#47582;&#50500;&#50556; &#54616;&#44256;, light client &#44396;&#54788;&#52404;&#44032; destination chain &#50948;&#50640; &#50732;&#46972;&#44032; &#51080;&#50612;&#50556; &#54616;&#47728;, update &#48712;&#46020;&#50752; gas &#48708;&#50857;&#46020; &#48512;&#45812;&#51060;&#45796;. &#51076;&#51032;&#51032; &#52404;&#51064;&#51012; &#48736;&#47476;&#44172; &#50672;&#44208;&#54616;&#44592; &#50612;&#47157;&#45796;. Attestation &#48169;&#49885;&#51008; &#51076;&#51032;&#51032; &#52404;&#51064; &#49933;&#51012; &#50672;&#44208;&#54624; &#49688; &#51080;&#44256; &#44221;&#51228;&#49457;&#46020; &#51339;&#51648;&#47564;, verifier&#44032; &#8220;&#52404;&#51064; &#49345;&#53468;&#47484; &#50612;&#46523;&#44172; &#50500;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#51032; &#52293;&#51076;&#51012; &#44033;&#51088; &#51256;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>&#51060;&#48264; &#49324;&#44148;&#51008; &#44536; &#52293;&#51076;&#51060; &#44648;&#51648;&#45716; &#44221;&#47196;&#47484; &#48372;&#50668;&#51456; &#49324;&#47168;&#45796;. DVN&#51008; &#52404;&#51064; &#49345;&#53468;&#47484; &#46021;&#47549;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#51116;&#44396;&#49457;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45796;. RPC &#45432;&#46300;&#50640; &#47932;&#50612;&#48372;&#44256; &#45813;&#51012; &#48155;&#45716;&#45796;. &#44536; RPC &#45432;&#46300;&#46308;&#51012; &#50724;&#50684;&#49884;&#53412;&#44256; &#44148;&#44053;&#54620; &#45208;&#47672;&#51648;&#47484; DDoS&#47196; &#44032;&#47532;&#47732; DVN&#51032; &#8216;&#52404;&#51064; &#49345;&#53468;&#50640; &#45824;&#54620; &#51064;&#49885;&#8217; &#51088;&#52404;&#44032; &#51312;&#51089;&#46108;&#45796;. &#51312;&#51089;&#46108; &#51064;&#49885; &#50948;&#50640;&#49436; DVN&#51008; &#51221;&#51649;&#54616;&#44172; &#49436;&#47749;&#54664;&#44256; destination chain&#51008; &#44536; &#49436;&#47749;&#51012; &#51221;&#51649;&#54616;&#44172; &#44160;&#51613;&#54664;&#45796;. &#50612;&#46500; &#45800;&#44228;&#50640;&#49436;&#46020; &#8220;&#49549;&#50688;&#45796;&#8221;&#44256; &#47568;&#54624; &#49688; &#51080;&#45716; &#53076;&#46300;&#44032; &#50630;&#50632;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><h2>2. Multi-DVN&#51008; &#54596;&#50836;&#51312;&#44148;&#51060;&#51648; &#52649;&#48516;&#51312;&#44148;&#51060; &#50500;&#45768;&#45796;</h2><p>LayerZero &#44277;&#49885; &#51077;&#51109;&#51008; &#45800;&#49692;&#54616;&#45796;. KelpDAO&#44032; 1-of-1 DVN &#49444;&#51221;&#51012; &#50044;&#44592; &#46412;&#47928;&#50640; &#46763;&#47160;&#45796;. Multi-DVN&#51060;&#50632;&#45796;&#47732; &#47561;&#54804;&#45796;. &#44277;&#49885; post-mortem&#51008; multi-DVN redundancy&#44032; &#51088;&#49324;&#44032; &#47784;&#46304; integrator&#50640;&#44172; &#51648;&#49549;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#44428;&#44256;&#54644;&#50728; &#44396;&#49457;&#51060;&#46972;&#44256; &#45800;&#50616;&#54664;&#45796;.</p><p>KelpDAO&#45716; &#51060; &#49436;&#49696;&#50640; <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/04/20/kelp-dao-claims-layerzero-s-default-settings-are-what-actually-caused-the-usd290-million-disaster">&#44277;&#44060;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#48152;&#48149;&#54664;&#45796;</a>. 2024&#45380; 1&#50900;&#48512;&#53552; LayerZero &#51064;&#54532;&#46972; &#50948;&#50640;&#49436; &#50868;&#50689;&#54644;&#50772;&#44256;, 2024&#45380; 7&#50900;&#48512;&#53552; &#51649;&#51217; &#52964;&#48036;&#45768;&#52992;&#51060;&#49496; &#52292;&#45328;&#51060; &#50676;&#47140; &#51080;&#50632;&#51004;&#47728;, L2 &#54869;&#51109; &#49884;&#51216;&#50640; default &#49444;&#51221;&#51060; &#51201;&#51208;&#54616;&#45796;&#45716; &#54869;&#51064;&#44620;&#51648; &#48155;&#50520;&#45796;&#45716; &#44163;&#51060;&#45796;. rsETH&#51032; DVN &#49444;&#51221;&#51012; &#48148;&#44984;&#46972;&#45716; &#44396;&#52404;&#51201; &#44428;&#44256;&#47484; &#48155;&#51008; &#51201; &#50630;&#45796;&#44256; Kelp&#45716; &#51452;&#51109;&#54620;&#45796;.</p><p>Dune Analytics&#44032; &#49324;&#44148; &#51649;&#54980; &#44277;&#44060;&#54620; <a href="https://thedefiant.io/news/security/dune-layerzero-oapp-dvn-security-analysis-1bklaq">&#49707;&#51088;</a>&#47484; &#48372;&#51088;. LayerZero &#54876;&#49457; OApp 2,665&#44060; &#51473; <strong>47%&#44032; 1-of-1 DVN &#49444;&#51221;</strong>&#51060;&#45796;. &#51060;&#44172; &#51208;&#48152;&#50640; &#44032;&#44620;&#50868; &#46356;&#54260;&#53944;&#44032; &#46108; &#51060;&#50976;&#45716; &#48516;&#47749;&#54616;&#45796;. LayerZero V2 OApp Quickstart&#51032; &#49368;&#54540; <code>layerzero.config.ts</code>&#44032; required DVN 1&#44060;, optional DVN 0&#44060;&#47196; &#50752;&#51060;&#50612;&#47553;&#46104;&#50612; &#51080;&#45796;. Yearn Finance&#51032; banteg&#45716; &#48324;&#46020; &#48516;&#49437;&#50640;&#49436; LayerZero&#51032; &#44277;&#44060; deployment &#53076;&#46300;&#44032; Ethereum, BSC, Polygon, Arbitrum, Optimism &#47784;&#46160;&#50640;&#49436; single-source verification&#51012; reference&#47196; &#48176;&#54252;&#54616;&#44256; &#51080;&#51020;&#51012; <a href="https://www.dipprofit.com/kelp-dao-blames-layerzero-s-default-setting/">&#54869;&#51064;&#54664;&#45796;</a>. LayerZero&#51032; &#44277;&#49885; &#51452;&#51109;&#44284; &#46356;&#54260;&#53944;&#44032; 1/1&#51060;&#46972;&#45716; &#49324;&#49892;&#51060; &#46041;&#49884;&#50640; &#52280;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>&#46356;&#54260;&#53944; &#47928;&#51228;&#47484; &#51228;&#52432;&#45459;&#44256; &#44396;&#51312;&#51201;&#51064; &#51656;&#47928;&#51012; &#54616;&#51088;. <strong>N&#44060;&#51032; DVN&#51060; &#51080;&#51004;&#47732; &#51221;&#47568; N&#48176; &#50504;&#51204;&#54620;&#44032;?</strong></p><p>5&#44060;&#51032; &#8220;&#46021;&#47549;&#46108;&#8221; DVN&#51060; &#44057;&#51008; 3&#44060;&#51032; RPC &#54532;&#47196;&#48148;&#51060;&#45908;&#50640;&#49436; &#52404;&#51064; &#49345;&#53468;&#47484; &#51069;&#44256; &#51080;&#45796;&#47732;, &#44277;&#44201;&#51088;&#44032; &#44536; 3&#44060;&#47484; &#50724;&#50684;&#49884;&#53412;&#45716; &#49692;&#44036; 5&#44060;&#51032; DVN&#51060; &#47784;&#46160; &#44057;&#51008; &#50948;&#51312;&#46108; &#49345;&#53468;&#47484; &#48372;&#44256; &#44057;&#51008; &#50976;&#54952; &#49436;&#47749;&#51012; &#50732;&#47536;&#45796;. M-of-N&#51008; &#44033; N&#51060; &#49436;&#47196; &#46021;&#47549;&#46108; failure domain&#51068; &#46412;&#47564; &#51032;&#48120;&#44032; &#51080;&#45796;.</p><p>&#51060;&#48264; &#49324;&#44148;&#51060; &#51060; &#47749;&#51228;&#50640; &#44536;&#45824;&#47196; &#46308;&#50612;&#47582;&#45716;&#45796;. KelpDAO&#51032; rsETH &#48652;&#47551;&#51648;&#45716; OApp &#47112;&#51060;&#50612;&#50640;&#49436; required DVN 1&#44060;&#47196; &#49444;&#51221;&#46096;&#45796;. &#51060;&#44172; 1-of-1 DVN&#51060;&#46972;&#44256; &#48520;&#47532;&#45716; &#44396;&#49457;&#51060;&#45796;. &#44536; &#54620; &#44060;&#51032; DVN&#51060; &#45236;&#48512;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#49436;&#47749;&#51012; &#50612;&#46523;&#44172; &#54805;&#49457;&#54616;&#45716;&#51648;, &#45800;&#51068; &#49436;&#47749;&#51064;&#51648; multi-signer &#44396;&#51312;&#51064;&#51648;&#45716; LayerZero&#44032; &#44277;&#44060;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#48157;&#55176;&#51648; &#50506;&#50520;&#45796;. &#45796;&#47564; DVN&#51060; &#50612;&#46500; &#45236;&#48512; &#49436;&#47749; &#51221;&#52293;&#51012; &#50416;&#46304;, &#44536; &#49436;&#47749;&#51032; &#51077;&#47141;&#51060; &#46104;&#45716; &#8220;source chain&#50640; &#45824;&#54620; &#44288;&#52272;&#8221;&#51060; &#47784;&#46160; &#44057;&#51008; RPC&#50640;&#49436; &#45208;&#50728;&#45796;&#47732; &#44208;&#44284;&#45716; &#44057;&#45796;. &#50668;&#47084; signer&#44032; &#44144;&#51667;&#51012; &#48372;&#44256; &#50668;&#47084; &#49436;&#47749;&#51060; &#54805;&#49457;&#46112; &#49104;, &#46021;&#47549;&#46108; &#44288;&#52272;&#51060; &#44368;&#52264; &#44160;&#51613;&#46108; &#44172; &#50500;&#45768;&#45796;.</p><p>&#45796;&#49688;&#44208;&#51032; &#50504;&#51204;&#49457;&#51008; &#8220;&#47751; &#44060;&#51032; &#49436;&#47749;&#51060; &#48537;&#50632;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#44032; &#50500;&#45768;&#46972; &#8220;&#47751; &#44060;&#51032; &#49436;&#47196; &#45796;&#47480; &#44288;&#52272;&#51060; &#51080;&#50632;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#50640;&#49436; &#45208;&#50728;&#45796;. &#51060;&#48264; &#44277;&#44201;&#51008; &#51060; &#44396;&#48516;&#51060; &#49436;&#47448;&#49345;&#51004;&#47196;&#47564; &#51316;&#51116;&#54616;&#44256; &#50868;&#50689;&#49345;&#51004;&#47196;&#45716; &#51316;&#51116;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#50520;&#45912; &#44221;&#50864;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>OApp &#47112;&#51060;&#50612;&#50640;&#49436; DVN &#44060;&#49688;&#47484; 1&#50640;&#49436; 3&#51004;&#47196; &#45720;&#47160;&#45796;&#44256; &#44032;&#51221;&#54644;&#48372;&#51088;. &#47564;&#50557; &#44536; 3&#44060; DVN&#51060; &#47784;&#46160; LayerZero Labs&#44032; &#48176;&#54252;&#54620; &#44057;&#51008; &#48148;&#51060;&#45320;&#47532; &#51060;&#48120;&#51648;&#47484; &#46028;&#47532;&#44256;, &#44057;&#51008; &#51333;&#47448;&#51032; &#54140;&#48660;&#47533; RPC &#54532;&#47196;&#48148;&#51060;&#45908;&#50640; &#51032;&#51316;&#54620;&#45796;&#47732;, &#44277;&#44201; &#54364;&#47732;&#51008; &#49892;&#51656;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#44536;&#45824;&#47196;&#45796;. &#52852;&#50868;&#53944;&#45716; &#50732;&#46992;&#45716;&#45936; &#49345;&#44288;&#44288;&#44228;&#45716; &#44536;&#45824;&#47196;&#45796;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png" width="1040" height="762" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:762,&quot;width&quot;:1040,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:120563,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://blog.jinuahn05.me/i/194995878?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6J2r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87761241-2cef-407a-a140-24f4ae7c2b28_1040x762.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p></p><p>&#51216;&#44160;&#54644;&#50556; &#54624; correlation &#52629;&#51012; &#44861;&#51004;&#47732; &#45796;&#51020;&#44284; &#44057;&#45796;.</p><ol><li><p><strong>DVN &#48148;&#51060;&#45320;&#47532; &#44396;&#54788;</strong>: </p><ol><li><p>&#44057;&#51008; &#51060;&#48120;&#51648; &#54841;&#51008; &#44057;&#51008; &#44396;&#54788;&#52404;&#47484; &#44277;&#50976;&#54616;&#45716;&#44032;. LayerZero&#45716; &#54028;&#53944;&#45320; DVN &#50868;&#50689;&#51088;&#50640;&#44172; LayerZero&#44032; &#51089;&#49457;&#54620; &#48148;&#51060;&#45320;&#47532; &#51060;&#48120;&#51648;&#47484; &#48176;&#54252;&#54644;&#49436; &#46028;&#47532;&#45716; &#44396;&#51312;&#44032; &#51068;&#48152;&#51201;&#51060;&#45796;.</p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>RPC &#54532;&#47196;&#48148;&#51060;&#45908; &#51032;&#51316;&#49457;</strong>: </p><ol><li><p>&#44057;&#51008; &#54140;&#48660;&#47533; endpoint (&#50696;: Infura, Alchemy) &#50640; &#51032;&#51316;&#54616;&#45716;&#44032;, &#44033;&#51088; full node&#47484; &#46028;&#47532;&#45716;&#44032;. IP whitelisting&#51060; &#44152;&#47536; private RPC&#51064;&#44032;, &#44277;&#44060; endpoint&#51064;&#44032;.</p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>&#53364;&#46972;&#51060;&#50616;&#53944; &#44396;&#54788;</strong>: </p><ol><li><p>&#47784;&#46160; op-geth&#51064;&#44032;, Reth&#51064;&#44032;. &#44057;&#51008; &#53364;&#46972;&#51060;&#50616;&#53944; &#51228;&#47196;&#45936;&#51060;&#50640; &#46041;&#49884; &#45432;&#52636;&#46104;&#45716;&#44032;.</p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>&#54840;&#49828;&#54021; &#51064;&#54532;&#46972;</strong>: </p><ol><li><p>&#47784;&#46160; AWS us-east-1&#51064;&#44032;. &#47532;&#51204;, &#53364;&#46972;&#50864;&#46300;, ISP&#44032; &#48516;&#49328;&#46104;&#50612; &#51080;&#45716;&#44032;.</p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>&#50868;&#50689; entity</strong>: </p><ol><li><p>legally &#49436;&#47196; &#45796;&#47480; &#54924;&#49324;&#51064;&#44032;, &#44057;&#51008; &#47784;&#54924;&#49324; &#49328;&#54616;&#51064;&#44032;. &#44228;&#50557;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#46021;&#47549;&#51064;&#44032;.</p></li></ol></li></ol><p></p><p>SEAL(Security Alliance)&#51060; &#49324;&#44148; &#51060;&#53952; &#46244; &#44277;&#44060;&#54620; <a href="https://radar.securityalliance.org/initial-takeaways-layerzero-dvn-incident/">&#44428;&#44256;&#47928;</a>&#51060; &#51060; &#51648;&#51216;&#51012; &#51221;&#54869;&#55176; &#51105;&#50520;&#45796;. &#54016;&#51008; supply chain &#51204;&#52404;&#47484; exhaustively &#47588;&#54609;&#54644;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;. &#8220;3-of-5 multisig&#51064;&#45936; 4&#47749;&#51060; &#44057;&#51008; custodian&#51012; &#50420;&#45796;&#8221;&#45716; &#51333;&#47448;&#51032; hidden correlation&#51060; &#51652;&#51676; &#47532;&#49828;&#53356;&#45796;. &#52852;&#50868;&#53944;&#47484; &#50732;&#47532;&#45716; &#44148; &#49789;&#44256;, &#46021;&#47549;&#49457;&#51012; &#54869;&#48372;&#54616;&#45716; &#44148; &#44033; &#52629;&#47560;&#45796; &#51032;&#46020;&#51201; &#51089;&#50629;&#51060; &#54596;&#50836;&#54616;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>light client &#47784;&#45944;&#44284; &#48708;&#44368;&#54616;&#47732; &#51060; &#51216;&#51060; &#45908; &#49440;&#47749;&#54644;&#51652;&#45796;. 3&#44060;&#51032; &#49436;&#47196; &#45796;&#47480; light client &#51064;&#49828;&#53556;&#49828;&#47484; &#46028;&#47536;&#45796;&#44256; &#54664;&#51012; &#46412;, &#44033; &#51064;&#49828;&#53556;&#49828;&#44032; &#48372;&#45716; &#44163;&#51008; &#51204;&#48512; source chain&#51032; validator &#49436;&#47749;&#44284; AppHash&#45796;. &#44536; &#49436;&#47749;&#51012; &#50948;&#51312;&#54616;&#47140;&#47732; source chain&#51032; validator 2/3&#47484; &#49892;&#51228;&#47196; &#46763;&#50612;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;. 3&#44060;&#51032; light client &#51064;&#49828;&#53556;&#49828;&#44032; &#44057;&#51008; RPC&#50640;&#49436; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#47484; &#48155;&#50500;&#50724;&#45908;&#46972;&#46020; &#49436;&#47749; &#44160;&#51613; &#51088;&#52404;&#45716; &#44033; &#51064;&#49828;&#53556;&#49828;&#44032; &#44033;&#51088; &#54620;&#45796;. RPC&#44032; &#44144;&#51667; &#48660;&#47197;&#51012; &#51452;&#47732; &#49436;&#47749; &#44160;&#51613;&#51060; &#49892;&#54056;&#54624; &#49104;, &#50948;&#51312;&#46108; &#49345;&#53468;&#44032; &#53685;&#44284;&#46104;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45796;. Light client&#44032; &#48372;&#45716; &#44163;&#51008; &#8220;&#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#47484; &#50868;&#48152;&#54620; &#44221;&#47196;&#8221;&#44032; &#50500;&#45768;&#46972; &#8220;&#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#50640; &#48537;&#51008; validator &#49436;&#47749;&#8221;&#51060;&#44592; &#46412;&#47928;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>DVN&#51032; &#44221;&#50864; &#8220;&#48372;&#45716; &#44163;&#8221;&#51008; RPC &#51025;&#45813; &#51088;&#52404;&#45796;. &#49436;&#47749;&#51060; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#50640; &#48537;&#50612; &#50724;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45796;. &#44536;&#47000;&#49436; RPC&#47484; &#50724;&#50684;&#49884;&#53412;&#47732; &#51204;&#52404;&#44032; &#45336;&#50612;&#44036;&#45796;.</p><p></p><h2>3. 4&#50900; 18&#51068;, &#44536; &#52264;&#51060;&#44032; &#50612;&#46523;&#44172; &#46300;&#47084;&#45228;&#45716;&#44032;</h2><p>2026&#45380; 18&#51068; &#44036;&#44201;&#51004;&#47196; &#46160; &#44148;&#51032; &#45824;&#54805; &#49324;&#44148;&#51060; &#53552;&#51276;&#45796;. Drift Protocol 2.85&#50613; &#45804;&#47084;(4&#50900; 1&#51068;), KelpDAO 2.9&#50613; &#45804;&#47084;(4&#50900; 18&#51068;). &#54633;&#44228; 5.75&#50613; &#45804;&#47084;. &#46168; &#45796; &#48513;&#54620; Lazarus Group&#51032; <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/04/20/layerzero-blames-kelp-s-setup-for-usd290-million-exploit-attributes-it-to-north-korea-s-lazarus">&#49548;&#54665;&#51004;&#47196; &#52628;&#51221;&#46104;&#44256;</a>, &#44396;&#52404;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196;&#45716; Lazarus &#45236;&#48512;&#51032; TraderTraitor &#49436;&#48652;&#50976;&#45787;&#51060; &#49892;&#54665; &#51452;&#52404;&#47196; &#51648;&#47785;&#46096;&#45796;.</p><p>&#46160; &#49324;&#44148; &#45796; &#49828;&#47560;&#53944; &#52968;&#53944;&#47001;&#53944;&#44032; &#46763;&#47532;&#51648; &#50506;&#50520;&#45796;. Drift&#51008; &#44144;&#48260;&#45324;&#49828; &#49436;&#47749;&#51088; &#45824;&#49345; social engineering&#51060;&#50632;&#44256;, KelpDAO&#45716; DVN&#51060; &#51032;&#51316;&#54616;&#45716; RPC&#50640; &#45824;&#54620; infrastructure &#52840;&#53804;&#50688;&#45796;. <a href="https://www.blockaid.io/blog/how-a-single-layerzero-dvn-compromise-drained-292m-from-kelpdao">Blockaid &#48516;&#49437;</a>&#50640;&#49436; &#51648;&#51201;&#46096;&#46319;&#51060;, &#46160; &#49324;&#44148; &#47784;&#46160; &#49828;&#47560;&#53944; &#52968;&#53944;&#47001;&#53944; audit&#51060; &#51105;&#50500;&#45244; &#49688; &#51080;&#45716; &#48276;&#50948; &#48148;&#44645;&#50640;&#49436; &#53552;&#51276;&#45796;.</p><p>&#51060;&#48264; &#44277;&#44201;&#51032; &#49444;&#44228;&#47484; &#45800;&#44228;&#48324;&#47196; &#46895;&#50612;&#48372;&#47732; &#45796;&#51020;&#44284; &#44057;&#45796;.</p><ol><li><p><strong>&#51221;&#52272;, RPC &#47532;&#49828;&#53944; &#54925;&#46301;</strong>. </p><ol><li><p>&#44277;&#44201;&#51088;&#44032; LayerZero Labs DVN&#51060; &#51312;&#54924;&#54616;&#45716; RPC &#45432;&#46300; &#47785;&#47197;&#51012; &#49324;&#51204;&#50640; &#54869;&#48372;&#54664;&#45796;. LayerZero &#44277;&#49885; &#49457;&#47749;&#51008; &#8220;the attacker was able to gain access to the list of RPCs our DVN uses&#8221;&#46972;&#44256;&#47564; &#44592;&#49696;&#54664;&#44256;, &#50612;&#46500; &#44221;&#47196;&#47196; &#44536; &#47532;&#49828;&#53944;&#44032; &#50976;&#52636;&#46096;&#45716;&#51648;&#45716; &#44277;&#44060;&#46104;&#51648; &#50506;&#50520;&#45796;. &#52488;&#44592; &#52840;&#53804; &#48289;&#53552;&#45716; &#54788;&#51116; &#44277;&#44060;&#46108; &#51221;&#48372; &#44592;&#51456;&#51004;&#47196;&#45716; &#48120;&#54644;&#47749; &#49345;&#53468;&#45796;.</p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>RPC &#45432;&#46300; &#52840;&#53804;, &#48148;&#51060;&#45320;&#47532; &#44368;&#52404;</strong>. </p><ol><li><p>&#49436;&#47196; &#45796;&#47480; &#53364;&#47084;&#49828;&#53552;&#50640;&#49436; &#46028;&#45912; op-geth &#45432;&#46300; 2&#45824;&#51032; &#48148;&#51060;&#45320;&#47532;&#47484; &#50501;&#49457; &#48260;&#51204;&#51004;&#47196; &#44368;&#52404;&#54664;&#45796;. DVN &#51064;&#49828;&#53556;&#49828; &#51088;&#52404;&#45716; least-privilege &#50896;&#52825; &#46412;&#47928;&#50640; &#46763;&#51648; &#47803;&#54664;&#45796;.</p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>&#49440;&#53469;&#51201; &#50948;&#51312;, monitoring &#54924;&#54588;</strong>. </p><ol><li><p>&#50501;&#49457; &#48148;&#51060;&#45320;&#47532;&#45716; DVN&#51032; IP&#50640;&#47564; &#50948;&#51312; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#47484; &#48152;&#54872;&#54616;&#44256;, &#45796;&#47480; IP (&#50696;: LayerZero Scan, &#50808;&#48512; &#50741;&#51200;&#48260;) &#50640;&#45716; &#51221;&#49345; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#47484; &#48152;&#54872;&#54616;&#46020;&#47197; &#49444;&#44228;&#46096;&#45796;. </p></li><li><p>LayerZero&#45716; &#8220;The message was only shown to the DVN while the node explicitly told the truth to any other IP addresses... This was carefully designed to prevent any security monitoring from noticing anomalies&#8221;&#46972;&#44256; &#51649;&#51217; &#49436;&#49696;&#54664;&#45796;. &#51060; &#49440;&#53469;&#51201; &#50948;&#51312;&#47196; &#51064;&#54644; LayerZero &#51088;&#52404; &#47784;&#45768;&#53552;&#47553; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#51032; anomaly detection&#51060; &#49324;&#44148; &#51473; &#51221;&#49345; &#51089;&#46041;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#50520;&#45796;.</p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>DDoS&#47196; fail-over &#44053;&#51228;</strong>. </p><ol><li><p>DVN&#51008; &#45236;&#48512;/&#50808;&#48512; RPC &#51473;&#48373; &#44396;&#49457;&#51060;&#46972; 2&#45824; &#52840;&#53804;&#47564;&#51004;&#47196;&#45716; &#48512;&#51313;&#54664;&#45796;. &#44148;&#44053;&#54620; &#50808;&#48512; RPC&#50640; DDoS&#47484; &#45216;&#47140; DVN&#51060; &#50724;&#50684;&#46108; &#45432;&#46300;&#47196; fail-over&#54616;&#46020;&#47197; &#44053;&#51228;&#54664;&#45796;. &#44277;&#44201; window&#45716; &#48120;&#44397; &#53468;&#54217;&#50577; &#49884;&#44036;(PT) &#44592;&#51456; 10:20 a.m.&#48512;&#53552; 11:40 a.m.&#51060;&#47728;, LayerZero&#45716; &#51060; &#49884;&#44036;&#45824; &#50808;&#48512; RPC &#53944;&#47000;&#54589; &#44536;&#47000;&#54532;&#50640;&#49436; DDoS &#54588;&#53356;&#47484; &#51649;&#51217; &#44277;&#44060;&#54664;&#45796;.</p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>&#47700;&#49884;&#51648; &#50948;&#51312;</strong>. </p><ol><li><p>fail-over&#44032; &#53944;&#47532;&#44144;&#46104;&#51088; &#50724;&#50684;&#46108; &#45432;&#46300;&#44032; "&#48156;&#49373;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#51008; Unichain &#53944;&#47004;&#51117;&#49496;"&#51012; DVN&#50640; &#48372;&#44256;&#54664;&#45796;. DVN&#51060; &#45236;&#48512;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#50612;&#46500; &#49436;&#47749; &#51221;&#52293;&#51012; &#50416;&#46304; &#44536; &#51221;&#52293;&#51032; &#51077;&#47141;&#51060; &#47784;&#46160; &#44057;&#51008; &#50724;&#50684;&#46108; RPC&#50640;&#49436; &#50772;&#44592; &#46412;&#47928;&#50640; &#51221;&#49345;&#51201;&#51064; attestation&#51060; &#54805;&#49457;&#46096;&#44256;, OApp &#47112;&#51060;&#50612;&#50640;&#49436; Kelp&#44032; &#50836;&#44396;&#54620; "1 DVN&#51032; attestation"&#51060; &#52649;&#51313;&#46096;&#45796;. &#44208;&#44284;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; Ethereum &#52769; OFTAdapter&#44032; <code>lzReceive</code>&#47484; &#53685;&#54644; 116,500 rsETH&#47484; &#44277;&#44201;&#51088; &#51452;&#49548;&#47196; release&#54664;&#45796;.</p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>&#51613;&#44144; &#51064;&#47736; (anti-forensics)</strong>. </p><ol><li><p>&#44277;&#44201; &#51333;&#47308; &#54980; &#50501;&#49457; &#48148;&#51060;&#45320;&#47532;&#45716; &#51088;&#44592; &#51228;&#44144; &#47336;&#54004;&#51012; &#49892;&#54665;&#54664;&#45796;. LayerZero &#49457;&#47749;&#50640; &#46384;&#47476;&#47732; &#8220;It was designed to self-destruct once the attack could no longer be performed, disabling the RPCs, deleting the malicious binary and corresponding local logs and configs.&#8221; </p></li><li><p>&#51593;, RPC &#45936;&#47788; disable, &#50501;&#49457; &#48148;&#51060;&#45320;&#47532; &#49325;&#51228;, &#47196;&#52972; &#47196;&#44536; &#49325;&#51228;, &#49444;&#51221; &#54028;&#51068; &#49325;&#51228; &#49692;&#51004;&#47196; &#51088;&#44592; &#55124;&#51201;&#51012; &#51228;&#44144;&#54616;&#46020;&#47197; &#49444;&#44228;&#46108; &#47568;&#50920;&#50612;&#50688;&#45796;. &#51060; &#54056;&#53556;&#51008; APT &#44228;&#50676;&#50640;&#49436; &#54364;&#51456;&#51201;&#51064; anti-forensics &#44592;&#48277;&#51060;&#45796;.</p></li></ol></li></ol><p>&#50668;&#44592;&#49436; &#51473;&#50836;&#54620; &#44163;&#51008; &#44277;&#44201;&#51088;&#44032; &#49828;&#47560;&#53944; &#52968;&#53944;&#47001;&#53944; &#44277;&#44201;&#51088;&#51032; &#49324;&#44256;&#48169;&#49885;&#51060; &#50500;&#45768;&#46972; &#45348;&#53944;&#50892;&#53356; &#44277;&#44201;&#51088;&#51032; &#49324;&#44256;&#48169;&#49885;&#51004;&#47196; &#50880;&#51649;&#50688;&#45796;&#45716; &#51216;&#51060;&#45796;. Reconnaissance, pivot, selective deception, availability-to-integrity downgrade, anti-forensics. &#51060;&#44163;&#46308;&#51008; &#50937;2 &#48372;&#50504; &#54016;&#51060; &#51061;&#49689;&#54620; &#50612;&#55064;&#51060;&#51648; Solidity audit&#51032; &#50612;&#55064;&#44032; &#50500;&#45768;&#45796;.</p><p>&#44536;&#47532;&#44256; &#51060; &#44277;&#44201;&#51060; &#49457;&#47549;&#54620; &#44540;&#48376; &#51060;&#50976;&#45716; destination chain&#51060; &#8220;DVN&#51060; &#47952;&#46972;&#44256; &#47568;&#54664;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#47564; &#44160;&#51613;&#54616;&#44592; &#46412;&#47928;&#51060;&#45796;. destination chain&#51060; &#8220;source chain&#51032; validator&#44032; &#47952;&#46972;&#44256; &#49436;&#47749;&#54664;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#47484; &#51649;&#51217; &#44160;&#51613;&#54664;&#45796;&#47732;, RPC &#50724;&#50684;&#44284; DDoS&#45716; failure&#47484; &#50976;&#48156;&#54644;&#46020; forged message&#47484; &#53685;&#44284;&#49884;&#53420; &#49688; &#50630;&#45796;. &#44277;&#44201;&#51032; 6&#45800;&#44228; &#51473; &#50612;&#45712; &#54620; &#45800;&#44228;&#46020; source chain&#51032; validator &#49436;&#47749;&#51012; &#50948;&#51312;&#54616;&#51648; &#47803;&#54620;&#45796;.</p><p>&#45796;&#49884; &#47568;&#54644;, DVN &#47784;&#45944;&#50640;&#49436;&#45716; off-chain &#45432;&#46300;&#51032; compromise&#44032; destination chain&#51032; &#49849;&#51064;&#44620;&#51648; &#51204;&#45804;&#46108;&#45796;. Light client &#47784;&#45944;&#50640;&#49436;&#45716; off-chain &#45432;&#46300;&#51032; compromise&#45716; &#8220;&#49436;&#47749; &#44160;&#51613; &#49892;&#54056;&#8221;&#50640;&#49436; &#47688;&#52632;&#45796;. &#51060; &#52264;&#51060;&#44032; &#44396;&#51312;&#51201;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><h2>&#45803;&#51004;&#47728;</h2><p>LayerZero &#44060;&#48324; &#48708;&#54032;&#51060; &#51060; &#44544;&#51032; &#47785;&#51201;&#51008; &#50500;&#45768;&#45796;. Attestation &#44592;&#48152; verifier &#47784;&#45944;&#51008; light client &#47784;&#45944;&#51060; &#45823;&#51012; &#49688; &#50630;&#45716; &#52404;&#51064; &#49933;&#51012; &#50672;&#44208;&#54644;&#51452;&#45716; &#50976;&#54952;&#54620; &#49440;&#53469;&#51648;&#51060;&#44256;, &#44536; &#49440;&#53469;&#51060; &#51060;&#48264; &#49324;&#44148;&#51004;&#47196; &#48512;&#51221;&#46104;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45796;. Ethereum&#44284; Unichain &#44057;&#51060; &#49436;&#47196; &#45796;&#47480; consensus family&#50640; &#49549;&#54620; &#52404;&#51064;&#51012; light client&#47196; &#50672;&#44208;&#54616;&#47140;&#47732; &#48324;&#46020;&#51032; zk proof &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#51060;&#45208; &#49352;&#47196;&#50868; client &#44396;&#54788;&#51060; &#54596;&#50836;&#54616;&#45796;. DVN &#44057;&#51008; attestation &#47112;&#51060;&#50612;&#45716; &#51060; &#54620;&#44228;&#47484; &#49892;&#50857;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#50864;&#54924;&#54616;&#45716; &#48169;&#48277;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>&#45796;&#47564; &#49444;&#44228; &#44208;&#51221;&#51012; &#54624; &#46412; &#8220;verifier&#44032; &#44417;&#44537;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#47924;&#50631;&#51012; &#48372;&#44256; &#51080;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#44032; &#47749;&#49884;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#51656;&#47928;&#46104;&#50612;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;. DVN&#51060; &#48372;&#45716; &#44163;&#51008; RPC &#51025;&#45813;&#51060;&#45796;. Light client&#44032; &#48372;&#45716; &#44163;&#51008; validator &#49436;&#47749;&#44284; Merkle proof&#45796;. &#51204;&#51088;&#45716; &#8220;chain &#49345;&#53468;&#50640; &#45824;&#54620; &#53440;&#51064;&#51032; &#48372;&#44256;&#8221;&#47484; &#48155;&#50500;&#46308;&#51060;&#45716; &#47784;&#45944;&#51060;&#44256;, &#54980;&#51088;&#45716; &#8220;chain &#49345;&#53468; &#51088;&#52404;&#8221;&#47484; &#48155;&#50500;&#46308;&#51060;&#45716; &#47784;&#45944;&#51060;&#45796;. 4&#50900; 18&#51068;&#50640; &#46763;&#47536; &#44163;&#51008; DVN &#47784;&#45944;&#51032; &#51060; &#51204;&#51228;&#50688;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>Cross-chain &#51064;&#54532;&#46972;&#47484; &#54217;&#44032;&#54624; &#46412; &#8220;DVN set&#51060; &#47751; &#44060;&#51064;&#44032;&#8221;&#45716; &#46160; &#48264;&#51704; &#51656;&#47928;&#51060;&#45796;. &#52395; &#48264;&#51704; &#51656;&#47928;&#51008; &#8220;&#44536; verifier&#46308;&#51060; &#44417;&#44537;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#47924;&#50631;&#51012; &#48372;&#44256; &#51080;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#45796;. &#44536; &#45813;&#50640; &#46384;&#46972; &#44277;&#44201;&#51088;&#44032; &#46763;&#50612;&#50556; &#54616;&#45716; &#44163;&#51060; &#8220;off-chain &#45432;&#46300; &#47751; &#45824;&#8221;&#51064;&#51648; &#8220;source chain &#54633;&#51032;&#8221;&#51064;&#51648;&#44032; &#44040;&#47536;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>References</h2><ol><li><p>The Block, <a href="https://www.theblock.co/post/398028/layerzero-kelp-dao-lazarus">&#8220;LayerZero says North Korea&#8217;s Lazarus likely behind Kelp DAO exploit; blames single-point setup&#8221;</a>, Apr 20, 2026.</p></li><li><p>LayerZero, <a href="https://layerzero.network/blog/kelpdao-incident-statement">&#8220;KelpDAO Incident Statement&#8221;</a>, Apr 19, 2026. (&#44277;&#44201; &#52404;&#51064; &#44592;&#49696; &#49436;&#49696;, multi-DVN &#44428;&#44256;, selective deception, DDoS window, self-destruct &#47336;&#54004;&#51032; 1&#52264; &#52636;&#52376;)</p></li><li><p>CoinDesk, <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/04/20/kelp-dao-claims-layerzero-s-default-settings-are-what-actually-caused-the-usd290-million-disaster">&#8220;Kelp DAO hits back at LayerZero for trying to shift the blame after a massive exploit&#8221;</a>, Apr 20, 2026. (Kelp &#48152;&#48149; statement, banteg &#48516;&#49437;, V2 OApp Quickstart &#46356;&#54260;&#53944;)</p></li><li><p>The Defiant, <a href="https://thedefiant.io/news/security/dune-layerzero-oapp-dvn-security-analysis-1bklaq">&#8220;Dune Analytics Reveals 47% of LayerZero OApps Use Minimal DVN Security Following KelpDAO Hack&#8221;</a>, Apr 20, 2026.</p></li><li><p>Harry Donnelly, <a href="https://harrydonnelly.substack.com/p/inside-the-kelplayerzero-hack-how">&#8220;Inside the Kelp/LayerZero Hack: How Lazarus Forged $292M Into Existence&#8221;</a>, Apr 20, 2026.</p></li><li><p>Security Alliance (samczsun et al.), <a href="https://radar.securityalliance.org/initial-takeaways-layerzero-dvn-incident/">&#8220;Initial Takeaways on LayerZero DVN Security Incident&#8221;</a>, Apr 20, 2026.</p></li><li><p>CoinDesk, <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/04/20/layerzero-blames-kelp-s-setup-for-usd290-million-exploit-attributes-it-to-north-korea-s-lazarus">&#8220;LayerZero blames Kelp&#8217;s setup for $290 million exploit, attributes it to North Korea&#8217;s Lazarus&#8221;</a>, Apr 20, 2026.</p></li><li><p>Blockaid, <a href="https://www.blockaid.io/blog/how-a-single-layerzero-dvn-compromise-drained-292m-from-kelpdao">&#8220;How a Single LayerZero DVN Compromise Drained $292M from KelpDAO&#8221;</a>, Apr 20, 2026.</p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[CometBFT's Blocksync 0-Day: Neither High Nor Informational]]></title><description><![CDATA[Three failures to separate: the bug, the severity claim, the triage process]]></description><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/cometbfts-blocksync-0-day-neither</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/cometbfts-blocksync-0-day-neither</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jinu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 01:05:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h5QY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be9bc83-1686-4baf-a9a6-30ebef31ddf1_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h5QY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be9bc83-1686-4baf-a9a6-30ebef31ddf1_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h5QY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be9bc83-1686-4baf-a9a6-30ebef31ddf1_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h5QY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be9bc83-1686-4baf-a9a6-30ebef31ddf1_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h5QY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be9bc83-1686-4baf-a9a6-30ebef31ddf1_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h5QY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be9bc83-1686-4baf-a9a6-30ebef31ddf1_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h5QY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be9bc83-1686-4baf-a9a6-30ebef31ddf1_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h5QY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be9bc83-1686-4baf-a9a6-30ebef31ddf1_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h5QY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be9bc83-1686-4baf-a9a6-30ebef31ddf1_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h5QY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be9bc83-1686-4baf-a9a6-30ebef31ddf1_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h5QY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be9bc83-1686-4baf-a9a6-30ebef31ddf1_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A Korean security researcher disclosed a CometBFT blocksync vulnerability yesterday (issue <a href="https://github.com/cometbft/cometbft/issues/5801">#5801</a>). Claimed severity: CVSS 7.1 High. </p><p>The vendor, Cosmos Labs, has declined to treat it as a security vulnerability and reclassified a related prior bug (<a href="https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-24371">CVE-2025-24371</a>) as Informational. I think both assessments miss.</p><p>The technical analysis in the disclosure is correct. The decision to go public, given the timeline, is defensible. But 7.1 is over-priced, and Informational is under-priced. As someone who has developed on the Cosmos-SDK and operated Cosmos chains in production, here is how I would split the problem.</p><p></p><h2>The bug</h2><p>Two functions in the blockpool matter: <code>pickIncrAvailablePeer</code> and <code>SetPeerRange</code>.</p><p><code>pickIncrAvailablePeer</code> filters peers with <code>height &lt; peer.base || height &gt; peer.height</code>. That check is fine in isolation.</p><p><code>SetPeerRange</code> is where the invariant breaks. When a peer reports <code>(base, height)</code>, the function only rejects values that are <em><a href="https://github.com/cometbft/cometbft/blob/bf18fa296cf27bca2737c1f8444849c9870ce3c5/blocksync/pool.go#L384">lower</a></em><a href="https://github.com/cometbft/cometbft/blob/bf18fa296cf27bca2737c1f8444849c9870ce3c5/blocksync/pool.go#L384"> than previously seen</a>:</p><pre><code><code>if base &lt; peer.base || height &lt; peer.height {
    pool.removePeer(peerID)
    pool.banPeer(peerID)
    return
}
</code></code></pre><p>It never checks whether <code>base</code> is sane relative to <code>pool.height</code>. A malicious peer can advertise <code>(base=1_000_000, height=1_000_100)</code> while the chain sits at 151. <code>maxPeerHeight</code><a href="https://github.com/cometbft/cometbft/blob/bf18fa296cf27bca2737c1f8444849c9870ce3c5/blocksync/pool.go#L415"> inflates to 1,000,100</a>. The sync target shifts to a block no one can serve. The peer is not banned because nothing went down. Every iteration of the requester picks this peer as &#8220;available,&#8221; fails, and retries forever. The node is wedged in blocksync permanently.</p><p>This is the same class of bug as CVE-2025-24371. The prior patch banned peers for reporting <em>lower</em> values. The new path bypasses it through <em>higher</em> values. Patch bypass is what makes #5801 non-trivial.</p><p></p><h2>Why 7.1 is over-priced</h2><p>The &#8220;chain halt at $8B+ ecosystem&#8221; framing in the disclosure requires several conditions stacking at once. Many validators must restart simultaneously. They must come up via blocksync rather than statesync. They must peer with the malicious node rather than through curated sentries. Their p2p topology must fail to filter the peer at any tier.</p><p>Each of these is unlikely in a production Cosmos chain. Validators restart rarely. Most operators prefer statesync for fresh joins. Anyone running sentries uses <code>persistent_peers</code> and <code>private_peer_ids</code> to control who their validator talks to.</p><p>Then there is the attacker-incentive dimension CVSS does not capture. No theft is possible. Shorting a chain with a blocksync-only DoS requires coordinated visibility the attack cannot deliver. The malicious peer is trivially identifiable. If you cannot make money and you will be caught, you do not run this.</p><p>One more point. The researcher&#8217;s own CVSS vector is <code>SA:N</code> (Subsequent System Availability: None). The score itself says &#8220;this deadlocks a single node,&#8221; but the prose says &#8220;ecosystem halt.&#8221; Those are not compatible. If the real impact were ecosystem-level, the vector would be <code>SA:H</code>, and the score would rise correspondingly.</p><p>My read: CVSS 4.5 to 5.5. Medium to low-medium.</p><p></p><h2>Why Informational is under-priced</h2><p>Cosmos Labs does not get a pass either. A bug that causes permanent, unrecoverable blocksync deadlock, bypasses an existing patch, reproduces trivially, and affects both validators and full nodes is not Informational.</p><p>The reclassification of CVE-2025-24371 to Informational (Negligible Impact, Possible Likelihood), done the day after a new researcher report landed, reads as a post-hoc severity adjustment rather than a principled reassessment.</p><p>The HackerOne response summary says the attack is not feasible but the bug has impact. That is internally inconsistent. If the bug has impact, it is a security bug. The question is degree, not whether.</p><p></p><h2>The disclosure fight</h2><p>Two things are being conflated in the public narrative, and they should be pulled apart.</p><p>First, operational failures. The researcher&#8217;s second report was marked as spam on HackerOne. The day after, a core maintainer opened issue <a href="https://github.com/cometbft/cometbft/issues/5670">#5670</a>: &#8220;Create whitelist of known-good HackerOne submitters,&#8221; citing the false-positive as the trigger. That is the team acknowledging their own process broke, and proposing a public fix. That is the right response.</p><p>The problem is #5670 has sat open for six weeks with no PR, no label, no assignee action. Acknowledgment and resolution are different things.</p><p>I don&#8217;t say this from a distance. People I work with have had bug reports to the Cosmos team sit for over a month without review. The operational failure the researcher describes is not unique to this case, and calling out the pattern has some merit.</p><p>Second, the severity judgment. A CVSS reclassification the day after a new researcher report landed looks like something other than triage capacity. Ignoring a network-level PoC for over a month without technical rebuttal also does not fit the &#8220;we&#8217;re overwhelmed&#8221; story. I don&#8217;t have visibility into Cosmos Labs&#8217; internal review process, so I won&#8217;t call it a methodology failure outright. But the timing sits outside what the spam-filter explanation covers.</p><p>The &#8220;AI-generated bug bounty spam is overwhelming maintainers&#8221; framing explains operational slowness. It explains less about severity reclassifications done on the same timeline. Readers who want to defend Cosmos Labs on the first point should be careful not to extend the defense to the second.</p><p></p><p></p><h2>What operators should actually do</h2><p>If you run a Cosmos-SDK chain, the practical risk depends on your peer policy, not on the CVSS number.</p><p>Blocksync is an edge path. Most production operators already use statesync for new nodes and rarely restart validators. If that describes you, real-world exposure is low.</p><p>If you use public seeds directly, or your sentry layer is not curated, you are in scope. Tighten <code>persistent_peers</code> and <code>private_peer_ids</code> on the validator. Make sure first-tier full nodes filter untrusted peers at the p2p layer.</p><p>The researcher&#8217;s &#8220;do not restart until patched&#8221; guidance is right for that narrow case but oversold as a general recommendation.</p><p>Patch will likely land within days now that the issue is public. Track CometBFT&#8217;s v0.38.x and v1.x release branches.</p><p></p><p></p><h2>Closing</h2><p>This is not a &#8220;researcher versus vendor&#8221; story, though it is being written that way on Twitter. It is a story about two separate failures.</p><p>A bug that got classified too softly by the maintainer, and a severity claim that reaches beyond what the CVSS vector itself supports. Both can sit outside what the evidence supports at the same time. Both do.</p><p>The right response is not to pick a side. It is to hold both positions at once: this is a medium-severity invariant bug that needs a real patch, and the disclosure process for it exposed gaps in how Cosmos Labs handles security reports. Those gaps are partly explained by the &#8220;too much AI spam&#8221; defense. Partly is not fully.</p><p>The patch will ship. The triage process is still the open question.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[금융기관이 블록체인을 도입하면 취약점 평가에서 막힌다]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#48277;&#51008; &#47561;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45936; &#54217;&#44032; &#52404;&#44228;&#44032; &#47561;&#45716;&#45796;]]></description><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/530</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/530</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jinu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 02:03:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nhXW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6538a833-f910-48b4-97ba-dfc04b1c3bad_511x416.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288;&#50640; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#51064;&#54532;&#46972;&#47484; &#45225;&#54408;&#54616;&#47140;&#45716; &#51901;&#50640;&#49436;&#46304;, &#46020;&#51077;&#51012; &#44160;&#53664;&#54616;&#45716; &#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288; &#51901;&#50640;&#49436;&#46304;, &#44032;&#51109; &#47676;&#51200; &#48512;&#46378;&#55176;&#45716; &#51656;&#47928;&#51060; &#51080;&#45796;. &#8220;&#44592;&#49696;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#46104;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#44032; &#50500;&#45768;&#45796;. <strong>&#8221;&#54788;&#54665; &#52712;&#50557;&#51216; &#54217;&#44032;&#47484; &#53685;&#44284;&#54624; &#49688; &#51080;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;</strong>&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>2026&#45380; &#51204;&#51088;&#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#48152;&#49884;&#49444; &#48372;&#50504; &#52712;&#50557;&#51216; &#54217;&#44032;&#44592;&#51456; &#50504;&#45236;&#49436;&#50640;&#45716; &#51221;&#48372;&#48372;&#54840; &#44288;&#47532;&#52404;&#44228; &#54637;&#47785;&#47564; 175&#44060;&#44032; &#51080;&#45796;. &#51060; &#51473;&#50640;&#49436; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#51064;&#54532;&#46972;&#47484; &#45347;&#45716; &#49692;&#44036; &#45813;&#51012; &#47803; &#54616;&#44172; &#46104;&#45716; &#54637;&#47785;&#51060; &#50668;&#47103; &#51080;&#45796;. &#44536;&#47088;&#45936; &#44032;&#49345;&#51088;&#49328; &#44144;&#47000;&#49548; &#45824;&#49345; &#54217;&#44032;&#44592;&#51456;&#50640;&#45716; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; 22&#44060;, &#50900;&#47131; 25&#44060;, &#49828;&#47560;&#53944;&#52968;&#53944;&#47001;&#53944; 15&#44060; &#54637;&#47785;&#51060; &#51060;&#48120; &#51080;&#45796;. &#45432;&#46300; &#48516;&#49328; &#48176;&#52824;, &#54252;&#53356; &#48156;&#49373; &#49884; &#51060;&#51473;&#51648;&#48520; &#48169;&#51648;, 51% &#44277;&#44201; &#45824;&#51025;, &#47680;&#54000;&#49884;&#44536; &#51201;&#50857; &#44057;&#51008; &#44163;&#46308;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>&#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288;&#50857; &#54217;&#44032;&#44592;&#51456;&#50640;&#45716; &#51060;&#47088; &#54637;&#47785;&#51060; &#54616;&#45208;&#46020; &#50630;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>&#44144;&#47000;&#49548;&#50640;&#45716; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#51204;&#50857; &#54217;&#44032; &#52404;&#44228;&#44032; &#51080;&#44256;, &#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288;&#50640;&#45716; &#50630;&#45796;. &#51060; &#44277;&#48177;&#51060; &#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288;&#51032; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#46020;&#51077;&#51012; &#47561;&#45716; &#44032;&#51109; &#49892;&#51656;&#51201;&#51064; &#48337;&#47785;&#51060;&#45796;. &#44592;&#49696;&#51060; &#50504; &#46076;&#49436;&#44032; &#50500;&#45768;&#46972;, &#54217;&#44032; &#44592;&#51456;&#51060; &#50612;&#46356;&#49436; &#50724;&#45716;&#51648;&#44032; &#51221;&#54644;&#51256; &#51080;&#51648; &#50506;&#44592; &#46412;&#47928;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><h2>&#44396;&#52404;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#50612;&#46356;&#49436; &#47561;&#55176;&#45716;&#44032;</h2><p>&#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288;&#51060; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064;&#51012; &#46020;&#51077;&#54624; &#46412; &#44592;&#51316; &#44048;&#46021;&#44508;&#51221;&#44284; &#52649;&#46028;&#54616;&#45716; &#51648;&#51216;&#51008; &#53356;&#44172; &#49464; &#44032;&#51648;&#45796;.</p><p></p><h3>1. &#50728;&#52404;&#51064; &#50896;&#51109;&#50640;&#49436; &#50724;&#47448;&#44032; &#48156;&#49373;&#54616;&#47732; &#50612;&#46523;&#44172; &#49688;&#51221;&#54616;&#45716;&#44032;</h3><p>&#44048;&#46021;&#44508;&#51221; &#51228;27&#51312;(&#51204;&#49328;&#50896;&#51109; &#53685;&#51228;)&#45716; &#50896;&#51109;&#51032; &#48320;&#44221; &#45824;&#49345;&#44284; &#48169;&#48277;, &#48320;&#44221; &#44428;&#54620;&#51088; &#51648;&#51221;, &#48320;&#44221; &#51204;&#54980; &#45236;&#50857;&#51032; &#51088;&#46041;&#44592;&#47197;&#44284; &#48372;&#51316;, &#48320;&#44221; &#45236;&#50857;&#51032; &#51228;3&#51088; &#54869;&#51064;&#51012; &#50836;&#44396;&#54620;&#45796;. &#54217;&#44032; &#54637;&#47785;&#51060; 8&#44060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><blockquote><p>&#45824;&#52264;&#45824;&#51312;&#54364; &#46321; &#51473;&#50836;&#51088;&#47308; &#44228;&#49345;&#50529;&#44284; &#44033;&#51333; &#48372;&#51312;&#48512;/&#44144;&#47000;&#44592;&#47197;/&#51204;&#49328;&#50896;&#51109;&#54028;&#51068;&#51032; &#44228;&#49345;&#50529;&#50640; &#45824;&#54620; &#49345;&#54840;&#51068;&#52824;&#50668;&#48512;&#50640; &#45824;&#54620; &#51204;&#49328;&#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#51012; &#53685;&#54620; &#51452;&#44592;&#51201;&#51064; &#54869;&#51064; &#50668;&#48512; <br>&#8212; &#54217;&#44032;&#54637;&#47785; #102</p><p>&#51204;&#49328;&#50896;&#51109; &#48520;&#51068;&#52824; &#50896;&#51064;&#44284; &#51312;&#52824; &#45236;&#50857;&#51012; &#51204;&#49328;&#51088;&#47308;&#54805;&#53468;&#47196; 5&#45380;&#44036; &#48372;&#51316; &#50668;&#48512; <br>&#8212; &#54217;&#44032;&#54637;&#47785; #103</p><p>&#51473;&#50836;&#50896;&#51109;&#51032; &#51312;&#54924;, &#49688;&#51221;, &#49325;&#51228;, &#49341;&#51077;&#54620; &#51089;&#50629;&#51088;&#50752; &#51089;&#50629;&#45236;&#50857; &#44592;&#47197; &#48143; 5&#45380;&#44036; &#48372;&#51316; &#50668;&#48512; <br>&#8212; &#54217;&#44032;&#54637;&#47785; #104</p></blockquote><p>&#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#50896;&#51109;&#51008; &#44592;&#48376;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#48320;&#44221;&#51060; &#50504; &#46108;&#45796;. &#44536;&#47084;&#47732; &#8220;&#48320;&#44221; &#53685;&#51228;&#51208;&#52264;&#8221;&#47484; &#51201;&#50857;&#54624; &#49688; &#50630;&#45796;. &#50724;&#47448;&#44032; &#48156;&#49373;&#54664;&#51012; &#46412; &#50612;&#46523;&#44172; &#49688;&#51221;&#54616;&#45716;&#44032;?</p><p></p><p>&#54788;&#49892;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#46160; &#44032;&#51648; &#48169;&#54693;&#51060; &#51080;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p><strong>A&#50504;: &#48372;&#51221; &#53944;&#47004;&#51117;&#49496; &#48169;&#49885;.</strong> </p><p>&#50728;&#52404;&#51064; &#50896;&#51109;&#51012; &#51649;&#51217; &#49688;&#51221;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#44256;, &#50896;&#48376; &#53944;&#47004;&#51117;&#49496;&#51012; &#52280;&#51312;&#54616;&#45716; &#48372;&#51221;(correction) &#53944;&#47004;&#51117;&#49496;&#51012; &#48156;&#54665;&#54620;&#45796;. &#48320;&#44221; &#51204;&#54980; &#49345;&#53468;&#47484; &#47700;&#53440;&#45936;&#51060;&#53552;&#47196; &#44592;&#47197;&#54616;&#44256;, &#48372;&#51221; &#44428;&#54620;&#51088;&#51032; &#49436;&#47749;&#51012; &#50728;&#52404;&#51064;&#50640; &#45224;&#44596;&#45796;. &#44048;&#46021;&#44508;&#51221;&#51060; &#50836;&#44396;&#54616;&#45716; &#8220;&#48320;&#44221; &#51204;&#54980; &#45236;&#50857;&#51032; &#51088;&#46041;&#44592;&#47197;&#8221;&#44284; &#8220;&#48320;&#44221; &#44428;&#54620;&#51088; &#51648;&#51221;&#8221;&#51012; &#50728;&#52404;&#51064; &#47112;&#48296;&#50640;&#49436; &#52649;&#51313;&#49884;&#53420; &#49688; &#51080;&#45796;. &#45796;&#47564; &#50896;&#51109;&#51032; &#52572;&#51333; &#51092;&#50529; &#49328;&#52636; &#47196;&#51649;&#51060; &#48373;&#51105;&#54644;&#51648;&#44256;, &#48372;&#51221; &#53944;&#47004;&#51117;&#49496; &#51088;&#52404;&#51032; &#50976;&#54952;&#49457; &#44160;&#51613; &#52404;&#44228;&#47484; &#48324;&#46020;&#47196; &#49444;&#44228;&#54644;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;.</p><p><strong>B&#50504;: &#50724;&#54532;&#52404;&#51064; reconciliation &#47112;&#51060;&#50612;.</strong> </p><p>&#50728;&#52404;&#51064; &#50896;&#51109;&#51008; &#50896;&#48376; &#44536;&#45824;&#47196; &#50976;&#51648;&#54616;&#44256;, &#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288; &#45236;&#48512; DB&#50640;&#49436; &#48372;&#51221; &#52376;&#47532;&#47484; &#49688;&#54665;&#54620;&#45796;. &#50728;&#52404;&#51064; &#50896;&#51109;&#44284; &#45236;&#48512; &#50896;&#51109; &#49324;&#51060;&#51032; &#45824;&#51312;(reconciliation) &#44592;&#47197;&#51012; &#48324;&#46020;&#47196; &#48372;&#51316;&#54616;&#44256;, &#48520;&#51068;&#52824; &#50896;&#51064;&#44284; &#51312;&#52824; &#45236;&#50857;&#51012; 5&#45380;&#44036; &#48372;&#44288;&#54620;&#45796;. &#44592;&#51316; &#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288; &#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#44284;&#51032; &#53685;&#54633;&#51060; &#49345;&#45824;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#49789;&#51648;&#47564;, &#50728;&#52404;&#51064; &#50896;&#51109;&#51060; &#8220;&#48372;&#51312; &#50896;&#51109;&#8221; &#50669;&#54624;&#47196; &#44201;&#54616;&#46104;&#47732;&#49436; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#46020;&#51077;&#51032; &#49892;&#51656;&#51201; &#51032;&#48120;&#44032; &#51460;&#50612;&#46304;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>&#54788;&#54665; &#44508;&#51221;&#51008; &#51060; &#46160; &#48169;&#54693; &#51473; &#50612;&#45712; &#44163;&#51060; &#50836;&#44148;&#51012; &#52649;&#51313;&#54616;&#45716;&#51648;&#50640; &#45824;&#54644; &#50500;&#47924; &#47568;&#51060; &#50630;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><h3>2. &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#54532;&#46972;&#51060;&#48727; &#53412;&#47484; &#44592;&#51316; &#53412; &#44288;&#47532; &#52404;&#44228;&#50640; &#50612;&#46523;&#44172; &#45347;&#45716;&#44032;</h3><p>&#44048;&#46021;&#44508;&#51221; &#51228;19&#51312;(&#50516;&#54840;&#54532;&#47196;&#44536;&#47016; &#48143; &#53412; &#44288;&#47532; &#53685;&#51228;)&#45716; &#50516;&#54840; &#48143; &#51064;&#51613;&#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#50640; &#51201;&#50857;&#46104;&#45716; &#53412;&#50640; &#45824;&#54644; &#51452;&#51077;, &#50868;&#50857;, &#44081;&#49888;, &#54224;&#44592;&#51032; &#51208;&#52264;&#50752; &#48169;&#48277;&#51012; &#47560;&#47144;&#54624; &#44163;&#51012; &#50836;&#44396;&#54620;&#45796;.</p><blockquote><p>&#50516;&#54840; &#48143; &#51064;&#51613;&#49884;&#49828;&#53596;&#50640; &#51201;&#50857;&#46104;&#45716; &#53412;&#50640; &#45824;&#54616;&#50668; &#51452;&#51077;/&#50868;&#50857;/&#44081;&#49888;/&#54224;&#44592;&#50640; &#45824;&#54620; &#51208;&#52264; &#48143; &#48169;&#48277; &#47560;&#47144; &#50668;&#48512; <br>&#8212; &#54217;&#44032;&#54637;&#47785; #80</p></blockquote><p>&#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#54532;&#46972;&#51060;&#48727; &#53412;&#45716; &#44592;&#51316; &#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288;&#51032; &#50516;&#54840;&#53412;&#50752; &#49457;&#44201;&#51060; &#45796;&#47476;&#45796;. &#44592;&#51316; &#53412;&#45716; &#49464;&#49496; &#50516;&#54840;&#54868;&#45208; &#51204;&#51088;&#49436;&#47749;&#50857;&#51060;&#44256;, HSM &#50504;&#50640;&#49436; &#49373;&#49457;-&#50868;&#50857;-&#44081;&#49888;-&#54224;&#44592; &#49373;&#47749;&#51452;&#44592;&#44032; &#44288;&#47532;&#46108;&#45796;. &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#54532;&#46972;&#51060;&#48727; &#53412;&#45716; &#51088;&#49328; &#53685;&#51228; &#44428;&#54620; &#44536; &#51088;&#52404;&#51060;&#44256;, &#53412;&#44032; &#50976;&#52636;&#46104;&#47732; &#51088;&#49328;&#51060; &#51649;&#51217; &#51060;&#46041;&#54620;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p><strong>A&#50504;: HSM &#44592;&#48152; &#53412; &#47000;&#54609;.</strong> <br>&#44592;&#51316; &#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288; &#53412; &#44288;&#47532; &#51064;&#54532;&#46972;(HSM)&#50640; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#54532;&#46972;&#51060;&#48727; &#53412;&#47484; &#53685;&#54633;&#54620;&#45796;. HSM &#45236;&#48512;&#50640;&#49436; &#53412; &#49373;&#49457;, &#49436;&#47749; &#50672;&#49328;&#51012; &#49688;&#54665;&#54616;&#44256;, &#53412;&#44032; HSM &#50808;&#48512;&#50640; &#45432;&#52636;&#46104;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716; &#44396;&#51312;&#45796;. &#44592;&#51316; &#44048;&#46021;&#44508;&#51221;&#51032; &#8220;&#51452;&#51077;/&#50868;&#50857;/&#44081;&#49888;/&#54224;&#44592;&#8221; &#51208;&#52264;&#50640; &#51088;&#50672;&#49828;&#47101;&#44172; &#47588;&#54609;&#46108;&#45796;. &#45796;&#47564; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#45348;&#53944;&#50892;&#53356;&#48324; &#49436;&#47749; &#50508;&#44256;&#47532;&#51608;(secp256k1, ed25519 &#46321;)&#51012; HSM&#51060; &#51648;&#50896;&#54644;&#50556; &#54616;&#44256;, &#53412; &#44081;&#49888;(rotation) &#49884; &#50728;&#52404;&#51064; &#51452;&#49548;&#44032; &#48148;&#45068;&#45716; &#47928;&#51228;&#47484; &#52376;&#47532;&#54644;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p><strong>B&#50504;: MPC &#44592;&#48152; &#48516;&#49328; &#49436;&#47749;.</strong> <br>&#54532;&#46972;&#51060;&#48727; &#53412;&#47484; &#50668;&#47084; &#54028;&#54000;&#50640; &#48516;&#49328;&#49884;&#53020; &#45800;&#51068; &#51109;&#49548;&#50640; &#53412;&#44032; &#51316;&#51116;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716; &#44396;&#51312;&#45796;. &#53412; &#50976;&#52636; &#47532;&#49828;&#53356;&#47484; &#44396;&#51312;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#51460;&#51068; &#49688; &#51080;&#51648;&#47564;, &#54788;&#54665; &#44508;&#51221;&#51032; &#8220;&#53412; &#51452;&#51077;&#8221; &#44060;&#45392;&#44284; &#47582;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45796;. &#53412;&#44032; &#54620; &#48264;&#46020; &#54620; &#51109;&#49548;&#50640; &#47784;&#51060;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45936; &#8220;&#51452;&#51077;&#8221;&#51060;&#46976; &#47924;&#50631;&#51064;&#44032;? &#8220;&#54224;&#44592;&#8221; &#51208;&#52264;&#45716; &#44033; &#54028;&#54000;&#51032; &#53412; &#51312;&#44033;&#51012; &#44060;&#48324; &#54224;&#44592;&#54616;&#45716; &#44163;&#51004;&#47196; &#52649;&#48516;&#54620;&#44032;? &#54788;&#54665; &#44508;&#51221; &#52404;&#44228;&#50640;&#49436; &#51060; &#51656;&#47928;&#50640; &#45824;&#54620; &#45813;&#51060; &#50630;&#45796;.</p><p>&#47680;&#54000;&#49884;&#44536;&#46020; &#45824;&#50504;&#51060;&#51648;&#47564;, &#51060;&#44148; &#53412; &#44288;&#47532; &#48169;&#49885;&#51060; &#50500;&#45768;&#46972; &#49849;&#51064; &#44396;&#51312;&#51032; &#47928;&#51228;&#51060;&#48064;&#47196; &#44048;&#46021;&#44508;&#51221; &#51228;19&#51312;&#50752;&#45716; &#45796;&#47480; &#52789;&#50948;&#51032; &#45436;&#51032;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><h3>3. &#45432;&#46300;&#44032; &#51060;&#48120; &#48516;&#49328;&#46104;&#50612; &#51080;&#51004;&#47732; &#51116;&#54644;&#48373;&#44396;&#49468;&#53552;&#47484; &#50612;&#46523;&#44172; &#51201;&#50857;&#54616;&#45716;&#44032;</h3><p>&#44048;&#46021;&#44508;&#51221; &#51228;23&#51312;(&#48708;&#49345;&#45824;&#52293; &#46321;&#51032; &#49688;&#47549;&#183;&#50868;&#50857;)&#45716; &#51452;&#51204;&#49328;&#49468;&#53552;&#50752; &#51068;&#51221; &#44144;&#47532; &#51060;&#49345; &#46504;&#50612;&#51652; &#50504;&#51204;&#51109;&#49548;&#50640; &#51116;&#54644;&#48373;&#44396;&#49468;&#53552;&#47484; &#44396;&#52629;&#54616;&#44256; &#50868;&#50689;&#54624; &#44163;&#51012; &#50836;&#44396;&#54620;&#45796;.</p><blockquote><p>&#51452;&#51204;&#49328;&#49468;&#53552;&#50752; &#51068;&#51221;&#44144;&#47532; &#51060;&#49345; &#46504;&#50612;&#51652; &#50504;&#51204;&#51109;&#49548;&#50640; &#51116;&#54644;&#48373;&#44396;&#49468;&#53552; &#44396;&#52629; &#48143; &#50868;&#50689; &#50668;&#48512; <br>&#8212; &#54217;&#44032;&#54637;&#47785; #123</p></blockquote><p></p><p>&#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#45432;&#46300;&#45716; &#49444;&#44228;&#49345; &#50668;&#47084; &#51648;&#50669;&#50640; &#48516;&#49328; &#48176;&#52824;&#46108;&#45796;. &#48516;&#49328; &#51088;&#52404;&#44032; &#51109;&#50528; &#48373;&#50896;&#47141;&#51012; &#51228;&#44277;&#54620;&#45796;. &#44536;&#47084;&#47732; &#48324;&#46020;&#51032; &#51116;&#54644;&#48373;&#44396;&#49468;&#53552;&#46972;&#45716; &#44060;&#45392;&#51012; &#50612;&#46523;&#44172; &#51201;&#50857;&#54616;&#45716;&#44032;?</p><p></p><p><strong>A&#50504;: &#45432;&#46300; &#48516;&#49328; &#51088;&#52404;&#47484; &#51116;&#54644;&#48373;&#44396;&#47196; &#51064;&#51221;&#48155;&#45716; &#45436;&#47532; &#44396;&#49457;.</strong> &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#45348;&#53944;&#50892;&#53356;&#51032; &#51648;&#47532;&#51201; &#48516;&#49328;, &#54633;&#51032; &#50508;&#44256;&#47532;&#51608;&#50640; &#51032;&#54620; &#45936;&#51060;&#53552; &#48373;&#51228;, &#45432;&#46300; &#51109;&#50528; &#49884; &#51088;&#46041; &#48373;&#44396; &#47700;&#52964;&#45768;&#51608;&#51060; &#51204;&#53685;&#51201; DR&#49468;&#53552;&#51032; &#44592;&#45733;&#51012; &#44396;&#51312;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#45824;&#52404;&#54620;&#45796;&#45716; &#45436;&#47532;&#45796;. &#51060; &#45436;&#47532;&#44032; &#48155;&#50500;&#46308;&#50668;&#51648;&#47140;&#47732; &#8220;&#50612;&#46500; &#49688;&#51456;&#51032; &#48516;&#49328;&#51060; &#44048;&#46021;&#44508;&#51221;&#51032; &#51116;&#54644;&#48373;&#44396; &#50836;&#44148;&#51012; &#52649;&#51313;&#54616;&#45716;&#44032;&#8221;&#50640; &#45824;&#54620; &#44592;&#51456;&#51060; &#54596;&#50836;&#54616;&#45796;. &#54788;&#51116;&#45716; &#50630;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p><strong>B&#50504;: &#44592;&#51316; DR&#49468;&#53552; &#44396;&#51312;&#47484; &#50976;&#51648;&#54616;&#47732;&#49436; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#45432;&#46300;&#47484; &#44536; &#50504;&#50640; &#48176;&#52824;.</strong> &#47932;&#47532;&#51201; DR&#49468;&#53552;&#47484; &#44396;&#52629;&#54616;&#44256;, &#44536; &#50504;&#50640; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#54400;&#45432;&#46300;&#50752; &#44288;&#47144; &#48120;&#46308;&#50920;&#50612;&#47484; &#50868;&#50857;&#54620;&#45796;. &#44048;&#46021;&#44508;&#51221; &#54805;&#49885;&#51012; &#54869;&#49892;&#55176; &#52649;&#51313;&#54616;&#51648;&#47564;, &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064;&#51032; &#48516;&#49328; &#50500;&#53412;&#53581;&#52376;&#50752; &#51473;&#48373;&#46104;&#45716; &#51064;&#54532;&#46972; &#48708;&#50857;&#51060; &#48156;&#49373;&#54616;&#44256;, &#48516;&#49328; &#45348;&#53944;&#50892;&#53356;&#51032; &#51109;&#51216;&#51012; &#49345;&#45817; &#48512;&#48516; &#54252;&#44592;&#54616;&#44172; &#46108;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><h2>&#50780; &#51060;&#47111;&#44172; &#46104;&#50632;&#45716;&#44032;</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nhXW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6538a833-f910-48b4-97ba-dfc04b1c3bad_511x416.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nhXW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6538a833-f910-48b4-97ba-dfc04b1c3bad_511x416.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nhXW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6538a833-f910-48b4-97ba-dfc04b1c3bad_511x416.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nhXW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6538a833-f910-48b4-97ba-dfc04b1c3bad_511x416.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nhXW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6538a833-f910-48b4-97ba-dfc04b1c3bad_511x416.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nhXW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6538a833-f910-48b4-97ba-dfc04b1c3bad_511x416.png" width="511" height="416" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nhXW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6538a833-f910-48b4-97ba-dfc04b1c3bad_511x416.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nhXW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6538a833-f910-48b4-97ba-dfc04b1c3bad_511x416.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nhXW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6538a833-f910-48b4-97ba-dfc04b1c3bad_511x416.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nhXW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6538a833-f910-48b4-97ba-dfc04b1c3bad_511x416.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#54620;&#44397; &#44552;&#50997; IT &#44508;&#51228;&#45716; &#49464; &#44060;&#51032; &#52789;&#51004;&#47196; &#46104;&#50612; &#51080;&#45796;. &#52395; &#48264;&#51704; &#52789;&#51008; &#48277;&#47456;&#51060;&#45796;. &#51204;&#51088;&#44552;&#50997;&#44144;&#47000;&#48277;, &#51088;&#48376;&#49884;&#51109;&#48277;, &#51204;&#51088;&#51613;&#44428;&#48277;. &#8220;&#47924;&#50631;&#51012; &#54644;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;&#8221;&#47484; &#49440;&#50616;&#54616;&#45716; &#49688;&#51456;&#51060;&#44256; &#44592;&#49696;&#51201; &#46356;&#53580;&#51068;&#51008; &#50630;&#45796;. &#46160; &#48264;&#51704; &#52789;&#51008; 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&#47749;&#49884;&#54616;&#44256; &#51080;&#45796;.</p><blockquote><p>&#44552;&#50997;&#50948;&#50896;&#54924;&#45716; &#51228;2&#54637;&#51032; &#44592;&#51456;&#51012; &#51221;&#54624; &#46412; <strong>&#53945;&#51221; &#44592;&#49696; &#46608;&#45716; &#49436;&#48708;&#49828;&#51032; &#49324;&#50857;&#51012; &#44053;&#51228;&#54616;&#50668;&#49436;&#45716; &#50500;&#45768; &#46104;&#47728;,</strong> &#48372;&#50504;&#44592;&#49696;&#44284; &#51064;&#51613;&#44592;&#49696;&#51032; &#44277;&#51221;&#54620; &#44221;&#51137;&#51060; &#52489;&#51652;&#46104;&#46020;&#47197; &#45432;&#47141;&#54616;&#50668;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;. <br>&#8212; &#51204;&#51088;&#44552;&#50997;&#44144;&#47000;&#48277; &#51228;21&#51312;(&#50504;&#51204;&#49457;&#51032; &#54869;&#48372;&#51032;&#47924;) &#51228;3&#54637;</p></blockquote><p></p><p>&#44592;&#49696; &#51473;&#47549;&#49457;&#51012; &#49440;&#50616;&#54664;&#51648;&#47564;, &#44536; &#50500;&#47000;&#51032; &#44048;&#46021;&#44508;&#51221;&#44284; &#54217;&#44032;&#44592;&#51456;&#51060; &#8220;&#51204;&#49328;&#50896;&#51109; &#48320;&#44221; &#53685;&#51228;&#8221;, &#8220;&#51116;&#54644;&#48373;&#44396;&#49468;&#53552; &#44396;&#52629;&#8221;, &#8220;&#51204;&#50857;&#54924;&#49440; &#49324;&#50857;&#8221; &#44057;&#51008; &#51204;&#53685; &#51064;&#54532;&#46972; &#51204;&#51228; &#50948;&#50640; &#49444;&#44228;&#46104;&#50612; &#51080;&#45796;. &#48277;&#51008; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064;&#51012; &#47561;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45936;, &#54217;&#44032; &#52404;&#44228;&#44032; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064;&#51012; &#51204;&#51228;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#45716;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>&#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#50629;&#44228;&#50640;&#49436; &#8220;&#44508;&#51228;&#44032; &#47928;&#51228;&#45796;&#8221;&#46972;&#44256; &#54624; &#46412;, &#45824;&#48512;&#48516; &#52395; &#48264;&#51704; &#52789;&#51064; &#48277;&#47456;&#47564; &#51060;&#50556;&#44592;&#54620;&#45796;. &#49892;&#47924;&#50640;&#49436; &#49892;&#51228;&#47196; &#44152;&#47532;&#45716; &#44148; &#46160; &#48264;&#51704;, &#49464; &#48264;&#51704; &#52789;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><h2>&#46021;&#51068;&#51060; &#45796;&#47476;&#44172; &#51217;&#44540;&#54620; &#51060;&#50976;</h2><p>&#46021;&#51068;&#51008; 2021&#45380;&#50640; &#51204;&#51088;&#51613;&#44428;&#48277;(eWpG)&#51012; &#51228;&#51221;&#54616;&#47732;&#49436; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#44592;&#48152; &#51613;&#44428;&#51012; &#8220;&#50516;&#54840;&#51613;&#44428;(Kryptowertpapiere)&#8221;&#51060;&#46972;&#45716; &#48324;&#46020; &#52852;&#53580;&#44256;&#47532;&#47196; &#44508;&#50984;&#54616;&#45716; &#52404;&#44228;&#47484; &#47564;&#46308;&#50632;&#45796;. &#44592;&#51316; &#48277;&#50640; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064;&#51012; &#45180;&#50892;&#45347;&#45716; &#44172; &#50500;&#45768;&#46972;, &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#50896;&#51109;&#51032; &#53945;&#49457;&#50640; &#47582;&#45716; &#48324;&#46020; &#53685;&#51228; &#52404;&#44228;&#47484; &#49444;&#44228;&#54620; &#44163;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>&#50668;&#44592;&#49436; &#48977;&#51012; &#49688; &#51080;&#45716; &#50896;&#52825;&#51008; &#54616;&#45208;&#45796;. &#48520;&#48320;&#49457;&#44284; &#48516;&#49328;&#49457;&#51012; &#44032;&#51652; &#50896;&#51109;&#50640; &#8220;&#48320;&#44221; &#53685;&#51228;&#8221;&#50752; &#8220;&#51473;&#50521; &#48373;&#44396;&#49468;&#53552;&#8221;&#47484; &#51201;&#50857;&#54616;&#47140;&#47732;, &#44592;&#51316; &#44508;&#51221;&#51012; &#44536;&#45824;&#47196; &#51201;&#50857;&#54616;&#45716; &#44172; &#50500;&#45768;&#46972; &#46041;&#46321;&#54620; &#49688;&#51456;&#51032; &#48372;&#54840;&#47484; &#45796;&#47480; &#48169;&#49885;&#51004;&#47196; &#45804;&#49457;&#54616;&#45716; &#48324;&#46020; &#44592;&#51456;&#51060; &#54596;&#50836;&#54616;&#45796;&#45716; &#44163;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>&#54620;&#44397;&#51008; &#51060;&#50752; &#48152;&#45824; &#48169;&#54693;&#51060;&#45796;. &#44592;&#51316; &#48277;&#52404;&#44228;&#47484; &#50976;&#51648;&#54620; &#52292; &#8220;&#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#44592;&#49696;&#51012; &#50424; &#49688; &#51080;&#45796;&#8221;&#47564; &#54728;&#50857;&#54664;&#45796;. &#44536;&#47000;&#49436; &#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288;&#51032; &#44592;&#51316; &#50896;&#51109;&#51060; &#51452;(&#20027;) &#50896;&#51109;&#51060;&#50612;&#50556; &#54616;&#44256;, &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#50896;&#51109;&#51008; &#48372;&#51312;&#51201; &#50669;&#54624;&#47196; &#51228;&#54620;&#46104;&#45716; &#44396;&#51312;&#44032; &#51088;&#50672;&#49828;&#47101;&#44172; &#54805;&#49457;&#46108;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p>&#51060; &#49345;&#53468;&#50640;&#49436; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064;&#51012; &#46020;&#51077;&#54616;&#47140;&#47732; &#54788;&#49892;&#51201;&#51004;&#47196; &#54596;&#50836;&#54620; &#44163;&#51060; &#51080;&#45796;. &#50728;&#52404;&#51064; &#50896;&#51109; &#50948;&#50640; &#44592;&#51316; &#44048;&#46021;&#44508;&#51221;&#51032; &#53685;&#51228; &#50836;&#44148;&#51012; &#52649;&#51313;&#49884;&#53412;&#45716; &#50724;&#54532;&#52404;&#51064; compliance layer&#45796;. &#48372;&#51221; &#52376;&#47532; &#51208;&#52264;, &#53412; &#49373;&#47749;&#51452;&#44592; &#44288;&#47532;, reconciliation &#52404;&#44228;, &#44048;&#49324; &#52628;&#51201; &#44592;&#47197;&#51012; &#44592;&#51316; &#54217;&#44032; &#54637;&#47785;&#50640; &#47588;&#54609;&#54624; &#49688; &#51080;&#45716; &#49444;&#44228;&#44032; &#44536; &#50504;&#50640; &#46308;&#50612;&#44032;&#50556; &#54620;&#45796;. &#44508;&#51221;&#51060; &#48148;&#45068;&#44592;&#47484; &#44592;&#45796;&#47532;&#45716; &#44163;&#51008; &#51204;&#47029;&#51060; &#50500;&#45768;&#45796;. &#54788;&#54665; &#44508;&#51221; &#52404;&#44228; &#50504;&#50640;&#49436; &#54217;&#44032;&#47484; &#53685;&#44284;&#54624; &#49688; &#51080;&#45716; &#49444;&#44228;&#47484; &#47676;&#51200; &#47564;&#46300;&#45716; &#44163;&#51060; &#52636;&#48156;&#51216;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><h2>B-Harvest&#44032; &#54616;&#44256; &#51080;&#45716; &#51089;&#50629;</h2><p>B-Harvest&#45716; &#44552;&#50997;&#44592;&#44288;&#50640; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#51064;&#54532;&#46972;&#47484; &#51228;&#44277;&#54616;&#44592; &#50948;&#54644; &#51060; &#44077;&#51012; &#50612;&#46500; &#49444;&#44228;&#47196; &#47700;&#50872; &#49688; &#51080;&#45716;&#51648; &#53456;&#49353;&#54616;&#44256; &#51080;&#45796;. &#50948;&#50640;&#49436; &#51228;&#49884;&#54620; A&#50504;/B&#50504;&#51008; &#50500;&#51649; &#44508;&#51221;&#51060; &#54869;&#51221;&#54616;&#51648; &#50506;&#51008; &#50689;&#50669;&#51060;&#44256;, &#50612;&#46500; &#48169;&#49885;&#51060; &#54217;&#44032;&#47484; &#53685;&#44284;&#54624; &#49688; &#51080;&#45716;&#51648;&#45716; &#44508;&#51228;&#44592;&#44288;&#44284;&#51032; &#45824;&#54868; &#50630;&#51060;&#45716; &#54869;&#51221;&#54624; &#49688; &#50630;&#45796;. &#44536; &#45824;&#54868;&#51032; &#52636;&#48156;&#51216;&#51060; &#46104;&#45716; &#44163;&#51060; &#51060; &#44544;&#51032; &#47785;&#51201;&#51060;&#45796;.</p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>&#52280;&#44256; &#51088;&#47308;</strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%88%EC%9C%B5%EA%B1%B0%EB%9E%98%EB%B2%95">&#51204;&#51088;&#44552;&#50997;&#44144;&#47000;&#48277; &#51204;&#47928;</a> (&#48277;&#51228;&#52376;)</p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.law.go.kr/%ED%96%89%EC%A0%95%EA%B7%9C%EC%B9%99/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%88%EC%9C%B5%EA%B0%90%EB%8F%85%EA%B7%9C%EC%A0%95">&#51204;&#51088;&#44552;&#50997;&#44048;&#46021;&#44508;&#51221; &#51204;&#47928;</a> (&#48277;&#51228;&#52376;)</p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.bafin.de/SharedDocs/Veroeffentlichungen/EN/Fachartikel/2021/fa_bj_2107_eWpG_en.html">&#46021;&#51068; &#51204;&#51088;&#51613;&#44428;&#48277;(eWpG) &#54644;&#49444;</a> (BaFin)</p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2021-06-29/germany-electronic-securities-act-enters-into-force/">&#46021;&#51068; eWpG &#44060;&#50836;</a> (Library of Congress)</p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Dissecting Zero #1: From Polynomials to Proofs, How Jolt Pro Proves Computation]]></title><description><![CDATA[A guide for engineers who want to understand what actually happens inside a zkVM.]]></description><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/dissecting-zero-1-from-polynomials</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/dissecting-zero-1-from-polynomials</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jinu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 12 Apr 2026 10:31:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9iQ0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Why this matters</h2><p>All blockchains today operate in the same way. When a block is proposed, every validator re-executes every transaction to verify the result. If there are 100 validators, the same computation is repeated 100 times. This is how blockchains ensure correctness. &#8220;I ran it too, and got the same result, so it must be correct.&#8221;</p><p>It works, but it is fundamentally wasteful.</p><p>Succinct proofs, often grouped under the term &#8220;ZK,&#8221; propose a different approach. Instead of re-execution, an executor generates a mathematical proof that the computation was performed correctly. Validators verify only the proof. A computation that takes a billion steps to execute can be verified in roughly thirty.</p><p>First, clarify the terminology. &#8220;Zero-knowledge&#8221; strictly refers to a privacy property, where nothing is revealed beyond the validity of the proof. For blockchain scaling, the more important property is succinctness. Regardless of how large the original computation is, the proof remains small and verification remains fast. Jolt Pro currently implements succinct proofs. Full zero-knowledge privacy is on the near-term roadmap. In this article, &#8220;ZK&#8221; refers primarily to verifiable succinct computation, not privacy.</p><p>This is the core idea behind LayerZero&#8217;s Zero chain and its proving system, Jolt Pro. Most explanations of these systems either stay at an abstract "math magic" level or jump directly into research papers. This one starts from basic questions such as what polynomials are and why they are useful for detecting false claims, and builds up to how Jolt Pro proves 1.61 billion RISC-V cycles per second.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>Finite fields: where the math happens</h2><p>Before discussing proofs, we need to define the environment where the math operates.</p><p>Standard arithmetic uses an infinite sequence of numbers: 1, 2, 3, and so on. Computers cannot handle infinity, and cryptographic protocols require exact arithmetic without rounding errors. The solution is a finite field. It is a number system with a finite set of elements where addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all work cleanly.</p><p>Think of a clock. On a 12-hour clock, 10 + 5 equals 3, not 15. Once it exceeds 12, it wraps around. A finite field follows the same idea, but uses a prime number p instead of 12.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9iQ0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9iQ0!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9iQ0!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9iQ0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9iQ0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9iQ0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png" width="1133" height="379" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:379,&quot;width&quot;:1133,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:64148,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://jinu571698.substack.com/i/193140923?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9iQ0!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9iQ0!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9iQ0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9iQ0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f13875c-e8f3-44ac-8091-68045ab037fe_1133x379.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In the finite field F&#8327; = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, all operations are performed modulo 7:</p><ul><li><p>Addition: 3 + 5 = 8 mod 7 = 1</p></li><li><p>Multiplication: 3 &#215; 4 = 12 mod 7 = 5</p></li><li><p>Division: 3 / 2 = 3 &#215; (inverse of 2) = 3 &#215; 4 = 12 mod 7 = 5</p></li></ul><p>Division works through multiplicative inverses. In F&#8327;, the inverse of 2 is 4 because 2 &#215; 4 = 8, and 8 mod 7 = 1. Every non-zero element has an inverse, which is why the modulus must be prime. If it is composite, some elements do not have inverses, and division breaks.</p><p>Why does ZK use finite fields? Two reasons. First, computers can perform exact integer arithmetic without floating point errors. Second, the security of ZK protocols depends on sampling random values from a large set. In practice, ZK systems use prime fields with around 2^256 elements. The space is large enough that randomly hitting a &#8220;bad&#8221; value is effectively impossible.</p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>Polynomials: why lying fails</h2><p>The central object is the polynomial.</p><p>A polynomial is a function composed of addition, multiplication, and exponentiation of variables:</p><p style="text-align: center;">f(x) = 3x&#178; + 2x + 1</p><p style="text-align: center;">If x = 2, then f(2) = 12 + 4 + 1 = 17.</p><p>Polynomials have structural properties that are extremely useful for proofs.</p><p>A line is determined by two points.<br>Consider a degree-1 polynomial f(x) = ax + b. There are two unknowns, a and b. One point, for example f(1) = 5, is not enough. There are infinitely many lines passing through a single point. But two points, such as f(1) = 5 and f(3) = 11, produce two equations:</p><p style="text-align: center;">a + b = 5<br>3a + b = 11</p><p>Solving gives a = 3 and b = 2. There is exactly one line that passes through both points.</p><p>A parabola is determined by three points.</p><p><br>For a degree-2 polynomial f(x) = ax&#178; + bx + c, there are three unknowns. Three points determine it uniquely.</p><p>General rule. A degree d polynomial has d + 1 unknowns, and is uniquely determined by d + 1 points. This implies:</p><blockquote><p>Two different degree-d polynomials can agree on at most d points.</p><p>If they agree on more than d points, they must be the same polynomial.</p></blockquote><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h3>Schwartz-Zippel lemma: catching lies with randomness</h3><p>This property becomes a lie detector.</p><p>Suppose a prover claims a polynomial f(x), but the true polynomial is g(x), and f &#8800; g. Both have degree at most d. Their difference h(x) = f(x) &#8722; g(x) is a non-zero polynomial of degree at most d. Therefore, h(x) = 0 for at most d values.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CceR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf56006a-cc73-453e-a983-bfc86a0873a4_2528x462.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CceR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf56006a-cc73-453e-a983-bfc86a0873a4_2528x462.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CceR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf56006a-cc73-453e-a983-bfc86a0873a4_2528x462.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CceR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf56006a-cc73-453e-a983-bfc86a0873a4_2528x462.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CceR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf56006a-cc73-453e-a983-bfc86a0873a4_2528x462.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CceR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf56006a-cc73-453e-a983-bfc86a0873a4_2528x462.png" width="1456" height="266" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/af56006a-cc73-453e-a983-bfc86a0873a4_2528x462.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:266,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:99786,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://jinu571698.substack.com/i/193140923?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf56006a-cc73-453e-a983-bfc86a0873a4_2528x462.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CceR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf56006a-cc73-453e-a983-bfc86a0873a4_2528x462.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CceR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf56006a-cc73-453e-a983-bfc86a0873a4_2528x462.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CceR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf56006a-cc73-453e-a983-bfc86a0873a4_2528x462.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CceR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf56006a-cc73-453e-a983-bfc86a0873a4_2528x462.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>If a verifier picks a random point r from a finite field of size p:</p><p style="text-align: center;">Pr[f(r) = g(r)] &#8804; d / p</p><p>If d = 1,000,000 and p = 2^256, the probability is about 10^-71.</p><p>This is the Schwartz-Zippel lemma. A single random evaluation detects a false polynomial with overwhelming probability. This fact underlies most ZK proof systems.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>Sum-Check protocol: efficient verification</h2><p>The Sum-Check protocol applies polynomial lie-detection to computation.</p><p></p><h3>The problem</h3><p>Given a multivariate polynomial f(x, y), we want to verify the sum over all binary inputs:</p><p style="text-align: center;">H = f(0,0) + f(0,1) + f(1,0) + f(1,1)</p><p>With m variables, there are 2^m terms. For m = 30, that is about one billion evaluations. The verifier cannot afford to compute this directly.</p><p>The prover claims H = 14. Can the verifier check this without computing all 2^m terms?</p><p></p><h3>The core idea</h3><p>The Sum-Check protocol reduces the problem one variable at a time.</p><p>Instead of checking the whole sum at once, the verifier asks the prover to &#8220;partially evaluate&#8221; the polynomial. In each round, one variable is replaced by a random challenge, and the remaining sum shrinks by half. After m rounds, the sum reduces to a single point evaluation, which the verifier can check directly.</p><p>At each step, the Schwartz-Zippel lemma guarantees that a dishonest prover is caught with overwhelming probability.</p><p></p><h4>Walkthrough</h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5qJV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F678e8a07-1253-40a4-9c97-cf9b04e34f0b_1505x2126.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5qJV!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F678e8a07-1253-40a4-9c97-cf9b04e34f0b_1505x2126.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5qJV!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F678e8a07-1253-40a4-9c97-cf9b04e34f0b_1505x2126.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5qJV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F678e8a07-1253-40a4-9c97-cf9b04e34f0b_1505x2126.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5qJV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F678e8a07-1253-40a4-9c97-cf9b04e34f0b_1505x2126.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5qJV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F678e8a07-1253-40a4-9c97-cf9b04e34f0b_1505x2126.png" width="1456" height="2057" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/678e8a07-1253-40a4-9c97-cf9b04e34f0b_1505x2126.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2057,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:309827,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://jinu571698.substack.com/i/193140923?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F678e8a07-1253-40a4-9c97-cf9b04e34f0b_1505x2126.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5qJV!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F678e8a07-1253-40a4-9c97-cf9b04e34f0b_1505x2126.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5qJV!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F678e8a07-1253-40a4-9c97-cf9b04e34f0b_1505x2126.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5qJV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F678e8a07-1253-40a4-9c97-cf9b04e34f0b_1505x2126.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5qJV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F678e8a07-1253-40a4-9c97-cf9b04e34f0b_1505x2126.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Let f(x, y) = 2xy + 3x + y + 1.</p><p>The true values are:</p><p style="text-align: center;">f(0,0) = 1,  f(0,1) = 2,  f(1,0) = 4,  f(1,1) = 7</p><p style="text-align: center;">H = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 = 14.</p><p></p><p><strong>Round 1: eliminate y</strong></p><p>The prover &#8220;sums out&#8221; y, producing a polynomial in x alone:</p><p>g&#8321;(x) = f(x, 0) + f(x, 1)</p><p>Expanding:</p><ul><li><p>f(x, 0) = 2x&#183;0 + 3x + 0 + 1 = 3x + 1</p></li><li><p>f(x, 1) = 2x&#183;1 + 3x + 1 + 1 = 5x + 2</p></li></ul><p>So g&#8321;(x) = (3x + 1) + (5x + 2) = 8x + 3.</p><p><strong>Consistency check.</strong> If the prover is honest, then g&#8321;(0) + g&#8321;(1) must equal H, because:</p><ul><li><p>g&#8321;(0) = f(0,0) + f(0,1) = 3</p></li><li><p>g&#8321;(1) = f(1,0) + f(1,1) = 11</p></li><li><p>3 + 11 = 14 = H</p></li></ul><p>This check alone does not prove correctness. The prover could have sent a different polynomial that also satisfies g&#8321;(0) + g&#8321;(1) = 14. </p><p>For example, g&#8321;(x) = 14x passes: g&#8321;(0) + g&#8321;(1) = 0 + 14 = 14, but it is the wrong polynomial.</p><p></p><p><strong>Random challenge.</strong> The verifier picks a random r&#8321; = 3 and evaluates g&#8321;(3) = 8&#183;3 + 3 = 27. This value becomes the target for the next round.</p><p>Here is why this works: if the prover lied about g&#8321;, then by Schwartz-Zippel, the false g&#8321; and the true g&#8321; almost certainly disagree at a random point. The random challenge locks in the prover&#8217;s claim at a specific value, making it difficult to maintain a consistent lie in later rounds.</p><p></p><p><strong>Round 2: eliminate x (now fixed at r&#8321; = 3)</strong></p><p>The prover computes:</p><p>g&#8322;(y) = f(3, y) = 2&#183;3&#183;y + 3&#183;3 + y + 1 = 7y + 10</p><p><strong>Consistency check.</strong> The verifier checks that g&#8322;(0) + g&#8322;(1) equals the target from Round 1:</p><ul><li><p>g&#8322;(0) = f(3, 0) = 10</p></li><li><p>g&#8322;(1) = f(3, 1) = 17</p></li><li><p>10 + 17 = 27 = g&#8321;(3)</p></li></ul><p>This links Round 2 back to Round 1. If either round contains a lie, this equation breaks with high probability.</p><p>The verifier picks r&#8322; = 5 and evaluates g&#8322;(5) = 7&#183;5 + 10 = 45.</p><p></p><p><strong>Final check: verify against the original polynomial</strong></p><p>All previous checks ensured internal consistency between rounds. But they were all based on polynomials sent by the prover. The verifier has not yet touched the original polynomial f.</p><p>Now the verifier computes f(r&#8321;, r&#8322;) = f(3, 5) directly:</p><p style="text-align: center;">f(3, 5) = 2&#183;3&#183;5 + 3&#183;3 + 5 + 1 = 30 + 9 + 5 + 1 = 45</p><p>Compare: g&#8322;(5) = 45 = f(3, 5)</p><p>This step ties the prover&#8217;s claims back to the actual polynomial. Without it, the prover could have constructed rounds that are internally consistent but have nothing to do with f.</p><p></p><h4>Why the prover cannot cheat</h4><p>Each round forces the prover to commit to a polynomial before seeing the random challenge. If any committed polynomial differs from the honest one, Schwartz-Zippel catches the discrepancy with probability at least 1 - d/p.</p><p>A lie in Round 1 propagates to Round 2 through the random challenge, and collides with the final direct evaluation.</p><p></p><h3>Efficiency</h3><p>The verifier performs m rounds of: receiving a low-degree polynomial, checking one equation, and sampling one random point. The final step is a single evaluation of f. Total work: O(m) instead of O(2^m).</p><p>For m = 30: about 30 operations instead of one billion.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>Committing to polynomials: making claims binding</h2><p>The Sum-Check protocol assumes the prover can &#8220;send&#8221; a polynomial to the verifier. In the walkthrough, the prover sent g&#8321;(x) = 8x + 3. But what does &#8220;send&#8221; mean concretely?</p><p>If the prover sends the polynomial&#8217;s coefficients, the verifier receives them, and the protocol works. But for large polynomials, this is expensive. And more importantly, the prover could send one polynomial in Round 1 and quietly swap it in Round 2. The protocol needs a way to lock the prover into a specific polynomial cheaply.</p><p></p><p>A polynomial commitment scheme has three operations. The prover first computes a short fingerprint of the polynomial, called a commitment, which is a single group element regardless of the polynomial's size. Later, the verifier picks a random point r and asks for f(r). The prover responds with the value and an opening proof. The verifier checks the proof against the commitment. If the prover lied about f(r), verification fails.</p><p>The commitment is binding. Once sent, the prover cannot change the polynomial without being caught. The binding property turns the interactive Sum-Check protocol into something enforceable.</p><p>Jolt uses a commitment scheme based on multiscalar multiplication (MSM). The key property: when the committed values are small (say, entries from a lookup table that fit in a few bits), the MSM cost drops significantly compared to committing arbitrary field elements. This matters because Lasso&#8217;s lookup tables produce exactly this situation. The committed field elements are small even though the underlying finite field is large.</p><p>Other proof systems use different commitment schemes. KZG commitments require a trusted setup. FRI (used by STARKs) avoids trusted setup but produces larger proofs. Jolt&#8217;s MSM-based approach sits between them: no trusted setup, and prover cost scales well when committed values are small.</p><p>The rest of this article assumes polynomial commitments exist and work. The important point is that every time the prover &#8220;sends a polynomial,&#8221; it actually sends a commitment, and every evaluation is backed by an opening proof that the verifier checks.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>Lookup argument: replacing computation with table lookup</h2><p>The Sum-Check protocol verifies polynomial sums efficiently. Polynomial commitments make the prover&#8217;s claims binding. To prove CPU execution, one more idea is needed.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWma!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefa9cf0b-1c0b-4694-85b7-79619782729d_3141x1225.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWma!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefa9cf0b-1c0b-4694-85b7-79619782729d_3141x1225.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWma!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefa9cf0b-1c0b-4694-85b7-79619782729d_3141x1225.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWma!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefa9cf0b-1c0b-4694-85b7-79619782729d_3141x1225.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWma!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefa9cf0b-1c0b-4694-85b7-79619782729d_3141x1225.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWma!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefa9cf0b-1c0b-4694-85b7-79619782729d_3141x1225.png" width="1456" height="568" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWma!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefa9cf0b-1c0b-4694-85b7-79619782729d_3141x1225.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWma!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefa9cf0b-1c0b-4694-85b7-79619782729d_3141x1225.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWma!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefa9cf0b-1c0b-4694-85b7-79619782729d_3141x1225.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWma!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefa9cf0b-1c0b-4694-85b7-79619782729d_3141x1225.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h3>The problem with circuits</h3><p>Suppose we want to prove that a CPU correctly executed an ADD instruction: ADD(3, 4) = 7.</p><p>The traditional approach encodes this as an arithmetic circuit:</p><pre><code><code>a + b - c = 0</code></code></pre><p>The prover assigns a = 3, b = 4, c = 7, and proves the constraint is satisfied.</p><p>This works for ADD. But a CPU has dozens of instructions. Each one needs a different circuit: AND requires bitwise decomposition, SLT (set-less-than) requires comparison logic, MULHU (unsigned upper multiply) requires carry propagation. Each circuit must be hand-written and audited. Bugs in any single circuit break soundness.</p><p></p><h3>The lookup alternative</h3><p>Jolt takes a different approach. Instead of proving the computation directly, it proves that the input-output triple exists in a precomputed table.</p><p>For ADD: the prover shows that (3, 4, 7) appears in a table containing all valid additions.</p><p>For AND: the prover shows that (0b1010, 0b1100, 0b1000) appears in a table containing all valid bitwise ANDs.</p><p>The same protocol handles every instruction. The prover never constructs instruction-specific circuits. It only proves membership in the correct table.</p><p>Adding a new instruction to the VM means adding a new table. No new circuits, no new constraint logic, no new audit surface.</p><p></p><h3>The size problem</h3><p>This idea has an obvious flaw. For a 64-bit ADD instruction, each operand has 2&#8310;&#8308; possible values. The full table has 2&#8310;&#8308; &#215; 2&#8310;&#8308; = 2&#185;&#178;&#8312; rows. No one can store or commit to a table with 2&#185;&#178;&#8312; entries.</p><p>Prior lookup arguments (plookup, Halo2&#8217;s lookup) required the prover to commit to the entire table. This made large tables impractical and confined lookups to small, hand-picked tables.</p><p></p><h3>Lasso: decomposing large tables into small ones</h3><p>Lasso solves the size problem by exploiting table structure.</p><p>Consider 16-bit addition. The full table has 2&#179;&#178; rows. But 16-bit addition decomposes into two 8-bit additions with a carry:</p><pre><code><code>ADD(a, b) where a = (a_hi, a_lo) and b = (b_hi, b_lo)</code></code></pre><p>Step 1: Compute a_lo + b_lo. This gives a partial sum and a carry bit. </p><p>Step 2: Compute a_hi + b_hi + carry.</p><p>Each of these sub-operations only requires a table with 2&#8312; &#215; 2&#8312; = 2&#185;&#8310; rows (for 8-bit operands). That is 65,536 entries. Entirely manageable.</p><p>More generally, a 64-bit addition decomposes into eight 8-bit additions. The total table size becomes 8 &#215; 2&#185;&#8310; = 524,288 entries instead of 2&#185;&#178;&#8312;.</p><p></p><h3>Why decomposition works: the structure property</h3><p>Not every table can be decomposed this way. Lasso requires that the table is <em>decomposable</em>, which means:</p><p>A single lookup into a table T of size N can be answered by performing c lookups into subtables T&#8321;, T&#8322;, ..., T&#8343;, each of size N^(1/c), and then combining the results with a known function.</p><p>The combination function depends on the instruction: carry propagation for addition, concatenation for bitwise AND, and a more involved recombination for shifts.</p><p>The critical insight from the <a href="https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1217">Jolt paper</a>: all RISC-V instructions have this decomposable structure. Addition, subtraction, bitwise operations, comparisons, shifts, multiplications. Every one of them can be broken into small subtable lookups that recombine correctly.</p><p></p><h3>How Lasso proves a lookup</h3><p>Suppose the prover claims it performed m lookups into a table T, and each lookup returned the correct value. </p><p>Lasso needs to prove two things: that each subtable lookup returned the right entry, and that the subtable results were combined correctly. For the first, the prover commits to the subtable entries it accessed (small values, so MSM-based commitment is cheap). The verifier uses Sum-Check to confirm these values match the known subtable contents. For the second, the combination function (carry propagation, concatenation, etc.) is also verified through Sum-Check.</p><p>Because the committed values are small (they come from 8-bit subtables), the prover&#8217;s commitment cost is dominated by O(m + n) group operations, where m is the number of lookups and n is the subtable size. This is far cheaper than prior lookup arguments that scaled with the full table size.</p><p></p><h3>Concrete example</h3><p>A program executes two instructions:</p><pre><code><code>ADD(300, 200) = 500
ADD(250, 30) = 280</code></code></pre><p>The prover decomposes each into subtable lookups:</p><p>For ADD(300, 200): Decompose 300 into (1, 44) and 200 into (0, 200) as two 8-bit chunks. <br>Low byte: 44 + 200 = 244, carry = 0. <br>High byte: 1 + 0 + 0 = 1. <br>Result: (1, 244) = 256 + 244 = 500. </p><p>The chunks recombine without carry, but the high byte is nonzero, showing that the subtable split is not trivial for numbers above 255.</p><p>For ADD(250, 30): Decompose 250 into (0, 250) and 30 into (0, 30). <br>Low byte: 250 + 30 = 280, which overflows a single byte. 280 mod 256 = 24, carry = 1. <br>High byte: 0 + 0 + 1 = 1. <br>Result: (1, 24) = 256 + 24 = 280. </p><p>Here the low byte overflows. The carry bit propagates from the low subtable to the high subtable, and the combination function must account for it. </p><p>The prover commits to all subtable access values and combination results. The verifier checks, via Sum-Check, that every subtable access is valid and every combination is correct.</p><p>At no point does anyone materialize the full 2&#185;&#178;&#8312;-row table. The verifier evaluates the subtable polynomials directly at random challenge points, using the fact that the subtables are small and their multilinear extensions can be computed efficiently.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>Jolt: proving a full CPU execution</h2><p>Lasso proves that individual lookups are correct. A running CPU does more than individual instructions. It fetches instructions from memory, reads and writes registers, and follows a program counter that jumps and branches. Jolt combines Lasso with three other mechanisms to cover the full execution.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3mE3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81df531c-cb3d-4028-b751-9fc222b4a887_1458x1133.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3mE3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81df531c-cb3d-4028-b751-9fc222b4a887_1458x1133.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3mE3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81df531c-cb3d-4028-b751-9fc222b4a887_1458x1133.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3mE3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81df531c-cb3d-4028-b751-9fc222b4a887_1458x1133.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3mE3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81df531c-cb3d-4028-b751-9fc222b4a887_1458x1133.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3mE3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81df531c-cb3d-4028-b751-9fc222b4a887_1458x1133.png" width="1456" height="1131" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/81df531c-cb3d-4028-b751-9fc222b4a887_1458x1133.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1131,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:228873,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://jinu571698.substack.com/i/193140923?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81df531c-cb3d-4028-b751-9fc222b4a887_1458x1133.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3mE3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81df531c-cb3d-4028-b751-9fc222b4a887_1458x1133.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3mE3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81df531c-cb3d-4028-b751-9fc222b4a887_1458x1133.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3mE3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81df531c-cb3d-4028-b751-9fc222b4a887_1458x1133.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3mE3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81df531c-cb3d-4028-b751-9fc222b4a887_1458x1133.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>Component 1: Instruction execution (Lasso lookups)</h3><p>This is the core. Every RISC-V instruction in the execution trace is proven correct via Lasso lookup, as described above.</p><p>The prover generates an execution trace: a step-by-step record of what the CPU did. For each step, the trace records the instruction, the input operands, and the output. </p><p></p><h3>Component 2: Bytecode consistency (offline memory checking)</h3><p>The CPU must fetch the correct instruction at each step. If the program has instruction &#8220;ADD r1, r2, r3&#8221; at address 0x04, then whenever the program counter equals 0x04, the fetched instruction must be ADD with those operands.</p><p>This is a memory consistency problem. The program bytecode is stored in memory. The CPU reads from it at every step. Jolt needs to ensure that every read returns the correct value.</p><p>Jolt uses offline memory checking, a technique from the Spice protocol (optimized with Lasso). The idea:</p><p>Think of memory as a sequence of (address, value, timestamp) tuples. Every read operation must return the value from the most recent write to that address. To verify this, the prover sorts all memory operations by address, then by timestamp. Adjacent operations on the same address must form valid read-after-write pairs. This constraint is expressible as a polynomial identity, checkable via Sum-Check.</p><p>For bytecode specifically: the program is written once (at &#8220;time 0&#8221;) and only read during execution. So the check simplifies to confirming that every instruction fetch matches the original bytecode at that address.</p><p>For example, address 0x04 is written at time 0 with value ADD. The CPU reads 0x04 at time 5 and again at time 12. The checker verifies both reads return ADD.</p><p></p><h3>Component 3: Read-write memory (registers and RAM)</h3><p>The same offline memory checking technique applies to registers and RAM, but now with both reads and writes during execution.</p><p>When the CPU executes &#8220;ADD r1, r2, r3&#8221;, it reads the values in registers r1 and r2, computes the sum, and writes the result to r3.</p><p>The memory checking argument ensures that values read from r1 and r2 match the most recent writes to those registers, and that the write to r3 is recorded correctly for future reads.</p><p>Lasso handles range checks within this component. When the memory checker needs to verify that a timestamp is in a valid range, it treats the range check as a lookup into the table [0, 1, ..., m-1]. This keeps everything within the lookup framework.</p><p></p><h3>Component 4: Control flow (R1CS constraints)</h3><p>The program counter must advance correctly. This is the one part of Jolt that uses traditional arithmetic constraints instead of lookups. For sequential instructions, PC increments by the instruction size. For branches, PC jumps to the target if the condition is true and increments otherwise.</p><p>These constraints are simple linear relations. They glue the execution trace together, ensuring that each step follows from the previous one according to the program&#8217;s control flow.</p><p></p><h3>How the components connect</h3><p>The four components share the same execution trace. Instruction execution proves each step is computed correctly. Bytecode consistency proves the right instruction was fetched. Memory consistency proves that register and RAM reads/writes are valid. Control flow proves the program counter advanced correctly.</p><p>Each component produces a separate set of polynomial claims. The verifier checks all of them using Sum-Check and polynomial commitment openings. If any component fails, the overall proof is rejected.</p><p>The architecture is deliberately lookup-heavy. Three of the four components rely on Lasso (instruction execution, bytecode, memory). Only control flow uses R1CS, and those constraints are simple. This uniformity is what makes Jolt simpler than prior zkVMs, where each component often required a different proving technique.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>From Jolt to Jolt Pro</h2><p>Jolt is an open-source zkVM from a16z. It runs on CPU and proves RISC-V execution using the lookup architecture described above.</p><p>Jolt Pro is LayerZero&#8217;s fork. It targets a specific operational requirement: prove blocks fast enough that validators can verify proofs in real time, within the block time of the Zero chain. This is not an academic benchmark target. If the prover cannot keep up with block production, the chain stalls.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSuw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a17c35a-72cc-4f5a-96b1-9ca593212f5f_2733x1154.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSuw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a17c35a-72cc-4f5a-96b1-9ca593212f5f_2733x1154.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSuw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a17c35a-72cc-4f5a-96b1-9ca593212f5f_2733x1154.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSuw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a17c35a-72cc-4f5a-96b1-9ca593212f5f_2733x1154.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSuw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a17c35a-72cc-4f5a-96b1-9ca593212f5f_2733x1154.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSuw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a17c35a-72cc-4f5a-96b1-9ca593212f5f_2733x1154.png" width="1456" height="615" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7a17c35a-72cc-4f5a-96b1-9ca593212f5f_2733x1154.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:615,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:304293,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://jinu571698.substack.com/i/193140923?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a17c35a-72cc-4f5a-96b1-9ca593212f5f_2733x1154.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSuw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a17c35a-72cc-4f5a-96b1-9ca593212f5f_2733x1154.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSuw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a17c35a-72cc-4f5a-96b1-9ca593212f5f_2733x1154.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSuw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a17c35a-72cc-4f5a-96b1-9ca593212f5f_2733x1154.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qSuw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a17c35a-72cc-4f5a-96b1-9ca593212f5f_2733x1154.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Three modifications move Jolt toward this target.</p><h3>1. GPU-accelerated prover</h3><p>The most performance-critical operation in Jolt is the multiscalar multiplication (MSM) used in polynomial commitments. MSM computes a weighted sum of elliptic curve points:</p><pre><code><code>C = a&#8321;&#183;G&#8321; + a&#8322;&#183;G&#8322; + ... + a&#8345;&#183;G&#8345;</code></code></pre><p>This operation is embarrassingly parallel. Each scalar-point multiplication is independent, and partial sums can be combined in a tree structure. GPUs, with thousands of cores optimized for parallel arithmetic, are a natural fit.</p><p>Jolt Pro runs the prover on GPU clusters. A proving cell consists of 64 colocated NVIDIA RTX 5090 GPUs. On this hardware, the prover achieves 1.61 billion RISC-V cycles per second (1.61 GHz).</p><p>For context: Jolt on CPU proves in the low tens of millions of cycles per second. SP1 and RISC Zero, also CPU-based, operate in a similar range. The 100x speedup claim compares a 64-GPU cluster against single-machine CPU provers. It is a real performance number, but it reflects a hardware difference as much as an algorithmic one. A fairer comparison would normalize by cost (dollars per proven cycle), which LayerZero has not published.</p><p>The roadmap targets 4 GHz per cell by 2027, presumably through a combination of hardware upgrades and further MSM optimization.</p><p></p><h3>2. Inlines instead of precompiles</h3><p>Other zkVMs (RISC Zero, SP1) add &#8220;precompiles&#8221; for expensive operations like SHA-256, Keccak, or elliptic curve arithmetic. A precompile is a dedicated circuit, hand-optimized for that specific operation, that runs alongside the main VM proof.</p><p>Precompiles are fast for the operations they cover. But each one is a separate constraint system that must be independently designed, implemented, and audited. A soundness bug in a single precompile breaks the entire proof. As more precompiles are added, the audit surface grows.</p><p>Jolt Pro takes the opposite approach. Instead of precompiles, it uses &#8220;inlines&#8221;: optimized sequences of standard RISC-V instructions that implement the same operation. SHA-256 is expressed as a series of ADD, XOR, SHIFT, and AND instructions. Each of those instructions is proven through the same Lasso lookup pipeline as everything else.</p><p>Inlines are slower to prove per operation than a hand-tuned precompile would be. But they eliminate the need for operation-specific circuits entirely. The entire prover runs through one uniform code path, compensating for per-operation overhead with raw GPU throughput and gaining auditability in return.</p><p>Whether this tradeoff holds depends on workload composition. If a program spends 90% of its cycles on SHA-256, a precompile-based system will be more efficient. If the workload is diverse (general smart contract execution), inlines suffer less of a penalty and the simplicity advantage dominates. Zero targets EVM execution for financial applications, which tends to be diverse.</p><p></p><h3>3. ZeroOS: system call support</h3><p>Vanilla Jolt proves pure computation: a function takes inputs and produces outputs, with no interaction with the outside world. A running program needs more than that. It needs to allocate memory, read input data, write output data, and access environmental information (block number, timestamp, caller address).</p><p>ZeroOS adds a system call layer at the RISC-V level. When the guest program executes an ECALL instruction (the RISC-V system call mechanism), ZeroOS intercepts it and handles the request. The prover includes the system call inputs and outputs in the execution trace, and Jolt&#8217;s memory checking ensures consistency.</p><p>This means standard Rust programs, compiled to RISC-V with a thin runtime, can be proven without modification. The developer writes normal Rust, uses standard library features (allocation, I/O, formatting), and the compiled binary runs inside the Jolt Pro prover as-is.</p><p>Without ZeroOS, guest programs would be limited to pure functions with fixed-size inputs, the way most current zkVM guest programs are written. ZeroOS removes that constraint, which is necessary for running a full EVM implementation inside the prover.</p><p></p><h3>What Jolt Pro does not change</h3><p>Jolt Pro does not modify the underlying cryptographic protocol. The Sum-Check arguments, Lasso lookup decompositions, offline memory checking, and R1CS constraints are the same as in Jolt. The polynomial commitment scheme is the same MSM-based approach. The soundness guarantees are inherited from the original Jolt construction.</p><p>The modifications are at the engineering layer: where the computation runs (GPU vs. CPU), how complex operations are expressed (inlines vs. precompiles), and what the guest program can do (system calls vs. pure functions). The math underneath is unchanged.</p><p></p><h3>Open question: auditability</h3><p>Jolt is open source under a16z. Jolt Pro is not. The proof is publicly verifiable: anyone can check a Jolt Pro proof against the verification algorithm. But the prover implementation &#8212; the code that generates proofs &#8212; cannot be independently reviewed.</p><p>This matters for two reasons. First, a bug in the prover could generate invalid proofs that happen to pass verification (a soundness failure). Second, institutions evaluating Zero for financial infrastructure will want to audit the full stack, not just the verifier. The closed-source prover creates an asymmetry: the math is trustless, but the implementation requires trusting LayerZero.</p><p>Whether this is acceptable depends on the threat model. If verification is sound, a buggy prover only hurts the prover (it might fail to generate valid proofs, not generate false ones). But proving this argument rigorously requires seeing the code.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>Open questions</h2><p>Several points remain unresolved.</p><p>Performance claims are based on demo environments, not mainnet workloads.</p><p>Hardware costs are high. A single proving cell requires 64 GPUs.</p><p>Only a small number of entities may produce blocks, raising censorship concerns.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>What comes next</h2><p>This article covered the path from polynomial arithmetic to Jolt Pro.</p><p>Jolt Pro is one part of the Zero stack. Other components include:</p><ul><li><p>QMDB: ZK-optimized state database</p></li><li><p>FAFO: parallel execution scheduler</p></li><li><p>SVID: data availability scheme</p></li></ul><p>Future articles will cover these.</p><p>The goal is to allow validators to verify proofs instead of re-executing transactions. This enables parallel execution across independent environments, called Atomicity Zones.</p><p>Each zone functions like a full EVM, but runs in parallel. This removes the single-thread bottleneck found in most blockchains.</p><p>Zero&#8217;s Atomicity Zones are governed by a single protocol. Ethereum&#8217;s rollups are independently operated, each with its own security assumptions and upgrade governance. This difference matters for financial institutions: a single protocol means one audit target, one trust boundary, and one set of security guarantees.</p><p>For infrastructure targeting financial institutions, this distinction determines system design, security guarantees, and trade-offs.</p><p>The math is the same. The design choices differ.</p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p>This is Article 1 of the Dissecting Zero series.<br>Next: QMDB and ZK-native state storage.</p><p></p><p>I am a blockchain platform engineer at <a href="https://x.com/b__harvest">B-Harvest</a>. Over the past two years, I have operated validator and RPC infrastructure across more than ten networks and contributed to core chain development with Cosmos SDK and CometBFT. My current focus is building a development tooling platform for financial institutions entering Web3.</p><p>Feedback is welcome. Reach out on LinkedIn or Twitter (<a href="https://x.com/jinuahn05">@jinuahn05</a>).</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[[KOR] Deep dive into AutobahnBFT: DAG와 PBFT의 만남]]></title><description><![CDATA[Disclaimer: &#48376; &#44544;&#51008; &#49436;&#50872;&#45824;&#54617;&#44368; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#54617;&#54924; &#46356;&#49324;&#51060;&#54140;(Decipher)&#50640;&#49436; &#8220;Deep dive into AutobahnBFT: DAG&#50752; PBFT&#51032; &#47564;&#45224;&#8221;&#51012; &#51452;&#51228;&#47196; &#51089;&#49457;&#46104;&#50632;&#49845;&#45768;&#45796;.]]></description><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/deep-dive-into-autobahnbft-dag-pbft-d9c8dab5e306</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/deep-dive-into-autobahnbft-dag-pbft-d9c8dab5e306</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jinu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 10:04:06 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c692372a-49c6-4a3b-8f54-ccd4a69ef26a_960x540.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUXk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6b6e51c-70ac-4f6b-8ec8-722dba0af4d2_960x540.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUXk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6b6e51c-70ac-4f6b-8ec8-722dba0af4d2_960x540.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUXk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6b6e51c-70ac-4f6b-8ec8-722dba0af4d2_960x540.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUXk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6b6e51c-70ac-4f6b-8ec8-722dba0af4d2_960x540.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUXk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6b6e51c-70ac-4f6b-8ec8-722dba0af4d2_960x540.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUXk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6b6e51c-70ac-4f6b-8ec8-722dba0af4d2_960x540.png" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c6b6e51c-70ac-4f6b-8ec8-722dba0af4d2_960x540.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:null,&quot;width&quot;:null,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUXk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6b6e51c-70ac-4f6b-8ec8-722dba0af4d2_960x540.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUXk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6b6e51c-70ac-4f6b-8ec8-722dba0af4d2_960x540.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUXk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6b6e51c-70ac-4f6b-8ec8-722dba0af4d2_960x540.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUXk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6b6e51c-70ac-4f6b-8ec8-722dba0af4d2_960x540.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a><p>Disclaimer: &#48376; &#44544;&#51008; &#49436;&#50872;&#45824;&#54617;&#44368; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#54617;&#54924; &#46356;&#49324;&#51060;&#54140;(Decipher)&#50640;&#49436; &#8220;Deep dive into AutobahnBFT: DAG&#50752; PBFT&#51032; &#47564;&#45224;&#8221;&#51012; &#51452;&#51228;&#47196; &#51089;&#49457;&#46104;&#50632;&#49845;&#45768;&#45796;. &#54644;&#45817; &#44544;&#51008; DAG &#44592;&#48152; &#48337;&#47148; &#51204;&#54028; &#44228;&#52789;&#44284; PBFT &#49828;&#53440;&#51068;&#8230;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Inside Commonware]]></title><description><![CDATA[For teams building high-performance chains, Commonware offers freedom to build without fighting framework assumptions.]]></description><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/inside-commonware-50c58211953c</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/inside-commonware-50c58211953c</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jinu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 14:04:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5d7c65a3-21c3-4355-8891-0062f187573f_959x540.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CR2w!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05820995-9923-462c-aa2c-8b3345e820ee_959x540.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CR2w!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05820995-9923-462c-aa2c-8b3345e820ee_959x540.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CR2w!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05820995-9923-462c-aa2c-8b3345e820ee_959x540.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CR2w!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05820995-9923-462c-aa2c-8b3345e820ee_959x540.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CR2w!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05820995-9923-462c-aa2c-8b3345e820ee_959x540.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CR2w!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05820995-9923-462c-aa2c-8b3345e820ee_959x540.png" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/05820995-9923-462c-aa2c-8b3345e820ee_959x540.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:null,&quot;width&quot;:null,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CR2w!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05820995-9923-462c-aa2c-8b3345e820ee_959x540.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CR2w!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05820995-9923-462c-aa2c-8b3345e820ee_959x540.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CR2w!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05820995-9923-462c-aa2c-8b3345e820ee_959x540.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CR2w!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05820995-9923-462c-aa2c-8b3345e820ee_959x540.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a><p>For teams building high-performance chains, Commonware offers freedom to build without fighting framework assumptions.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Deep dive into Babylon]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#8220;&#8221; is published by Jinu Ahn in Decipher Media &#65372;&#46356;&#49324;&#51060;&#54140; &#48120;&#46356;&#50612;.]]></description><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/deep-dive-into-babylon-a0e1bb6f65ae</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/deep-dive-into-babylon-a0e1bb6f65ae</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jinu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2025 01:53:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/65a1fbca-e4c9-4a8f-9295-68260bf51d84_960x540.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyFJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3921bf46-7efd-4283-81ce-88c5db7b8f7f_960x540.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyFJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3921bf46-7efd-4283-81ce-88c5db7b8f7f_960x540.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyFJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3921bf46-7efd-4283-81ce-88c5db7b8f7f_960x540.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyFJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3921bf46-7efd-4283-81ce-88c5db7b8f7f_960x540.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyFJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3921bf46-7efd-4283-81ce-88c5db7b8f7f_960x540.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyFJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3921bf46-7efd-4283-81ce-88c5db7b8f7f_960x540.png" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3921bf46-7efd-4283-81ce-88c5db7b8f7f_960x540.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:null,&quot;width&quot;:null,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyFJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3921bf46-7efd-4283-81ce-88c5db7b8f7f_960x540.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyFJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3921bf46-7efd-4283-81ce-88c5db7b8f7f_960x540.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyFJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3921bf46-7efd-4283-81ce-88c5db7b8f7f_960x540.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YyFJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3921bf46-7efd-4283-81ce-88c5db7b8f7f_960x540.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a><p>&#8220;&#8221; is published by Jinu Ahn in Decipher Media &#65372;&#46356;&#49324;&#51060;&#54140; &#48120;&#46356;&#50612;.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[[KOR] Deep dive into Sui]]></title><description><![CDATA[Disclaimer: &#48376; &#44544;&#51008; &#49436;&#50872;&#45824;&#54617;&#44368; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#54617;&#54924; &#46356;&#49324;&#51060;&#54140;(Decipher)&#50640;&#49436; &#8220;Deep dive into Sui&#8221;&#47484; &#51452;&#51228;&#47196; Weekly Session&#50640;&#49436; &#48156;&#54364;&#54620; &#45236;&#50857;&#51012; &#48148;&#53461;&#51004;&#47196; &#51089;&#49457;&#46104;&#50632;&#49845;&#45768;&#45796;.]]></description><link>https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/kor-deep-dive-into-sui-332bf19eee92</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.jinuahn05.me/p/kor-deep-dive-into-sui-332bf19eee92</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jinu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 05 Apr 2025 01:36:12 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7e013341-13d1-484c-a398-ae89a697a17e_1200x672.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xyqj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4a9d515-358e-49f3-9ece-65d3c1e736cf_1200x672.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xyqj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4a9d515-358e-49f3-9ece-65d3c1e736cf_1200x672.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xyqj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4a9d515-358e-49f3-9ece-65d3c1e736cf_1200x672.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xyqj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4a9d515-358e-49f3-9ece-65d3c1e736cf_1200x672.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xyqj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4a9d515-358e-49f3-9ece-65d3c1e736cf_1200x672.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xyqj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4a9d515-358e-49f3-9ece-65d3c1e736cf_1200x672.png" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f4a9d515-358e-49f3-9ece-65d3c1e736cf_1200x672.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:null,&quot;width&quot;:null,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xyqj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4a9d515-358e-49f3-9ece-65d3c1e736cf_1200x672.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xyqj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4a9d515-358e-49f3-9ece-65d3c1e736cf_1200x672.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xyqj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4a9d515-358e-49f3-9ece-65d3c1e736cf_1200x672.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xyqj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4a9d515-358e-49f3-9ece-65d3c1e736cf_1200x672.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a><p>Disclaimer: &#48376; &#44544;&#51008; &#49436;&#50872;&#45824;&#54617;&#44368; &#48660;&#47197;&#52404;&#51064; &#54617;&#54924; &#46356;&#49324;&#51060;&#54140;(Decipher)&#50640;&#49436; &#8220;Deep dive into Sui&#8221;&#47484; &#51452;&#51228;&#47196; Weekly Session&#50640;&#49436; &#48156;&#54364;&#54620; &#45236;&#50857;&#51012; &#48148;&#53461;&#51004;&#47196; &#51089;&#49457;&#46104;&#50632;&#49845;&#45768;&#45796;. &#54644;&#45817; &#44544;&#51008; Sui&#50640; &#45824;&#54620; &#51204;&#48152;&#51201;&#51064; &#45236;&#50857;&#51012;&#8230;</p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>